El Mundo de las Empresas En Cuba

Preparado por Nelson P Valdés

Sección Construcción

1
Comercial Matco, S.A.
Calle 25 e/ 30 y 26 No. 2602 Playa.
2088658 / 2086099
carlos@matco.co.cuivonne@matco.co.cum.antonia@matco.co.cu
MATCO, S.A.
www.matco.cubaweb.cu

2
Empresa Comercializadora Escambray
Calle Línea esq. C Nro 560, entre C y D Edificio Camilo Cienfuegos, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
8383055 / 2048091 / 2048092- 55-3055
ching@escambray.com.cutrujillo@escambray.com.cu
Escambray
www.escambray.com.cu

3
Empresa Central de Abastecimiento y Venta de Equipos de la Construcción y sus Piezas
Carretera de Varona, km. 1 1/2, Capdevila, Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana
452567 / 452376 / 45-2498
direccion@construimport.co.cuequipo@construimport.co.cu
CONSTRUIMPORT

4
Empresa Central de Equipos Hidráulicos
Carretera Vieja de Guanabacoa y Línea del Ferrocarril, Rpto. Mañana Guanabacoa
7979265 797 9832
direccion@cubahidraulica.cuosmundo@cubahidraulica.curegino@cubahidraulica.cujany@cubahidraulica.cu
CUBAHIDRAULICA

5
Empresa Central de Equipos Comercial Cubiza
Ave. del Zoológico No. 4 e/ 26 y Ulloa, Nuevo Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
8810086 / 8813897/ 666027
gilberto@cubiza.cu /plinio@cubiza.cu
CUBIZA

6
Empresa Diseño Ciudad Habana
Ave. 26 y Kohly No. 16, Nuevo Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
830-3371 / 830-5511 830 3512 y 12 / 830-3377

katia@dch.ch.gov.cuteresa@dch.ch.gov.cu

dch@dch.ch.gov.cu

DCH

7
Empresa de Proyectos para Industrias Varias
Calle 31-A, No. 1805 e/ 18 y 20, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
209 6989 / 203 0131 / 204 2149
dg-eproyiv@eproyiv.cu
EPROYIV

8
Empresa de Proyectos para Industrias de la Básica
Ave. 31A # 1805 e/. 18 y 20. Edificio Las Ursulinas, Miramar
2042146 / 2093632 / 2093582
martex@eprob.cu
EPROB

9
Empresa de Asbesto Cemento Armando Mestre Martínez
Carretera de la Refinería Km 2 1/2, Santiago de Cuba
3-1286/ 3-1124
direcc@santiago.perdurit.com.cu

10
Empresa de Servicios Técnicos de Defectoscopía y Soldadura
Carretera O´bourke km 2 1/2 Pastorita, Cienfuegos
(432) 556900-02
valle@cenex.aconci.cu
CENEX

11
Grupo Industrial de Fibrocemento Perdurit
Calle 35 y A, Plaza
8357081 / 8357074 / 8357076 y 78
legal@perdurit.com.cu
PERDURIT

12
Unión de Empresas Constructoras Caribe, S.A.
Calle 7ma. No. 701 Esq. 41 Playa
207 7671 / 2067397-98 / 2066082
presidente@uneca.co.cu
UNECA, S.A.

13
Empresa de Abastecimiento y Transporte No. 7 de Camagüey
Carretera Central No. 352, Camaguey
294327 / 292789
E.A.T No. 7

14
Empresa de Proyectos de Ingeniería y Arquitectura No. 11
Ave. Finlay No. 374, Camagüey
297639 / 292938 / 283410
comercial@epia.colombus.cu
EPIA No. 11

15
Empresa de Abastecimiento Técnico Material
Ave 31 No. 4212 e/ 42 y 44, Playa. Ciudad de La Habana
2095353 / 2061362 / 2026082 y 83
diamela@mc.transnet.cucomercial@mc.transnet.cu

16
Grupo Empresarial de Suministros y Transporte a la Construcción
Calle 31 No. 859 entre Paseo y 2 Vedado. Ciudad de la Habana
8814231/ 8815942
direccion@gestcons.com.cubenito@gestcons.com.cu
GESTCONS

17
Empresa de Construcción y Montaje Especializado
Calle N, No. 266, Piso 8 e/ 21 y 23. Vedado Ciudad de La Habana
832-4257/ 832-6461 / 832-4126
director@ecme.netcons.com.cucomercial@ecme.netcons.com.cu
ECME

18
Empresa de Proyectos No. 15
Calle 7 Esq. 8, Vista Alegre. Santiago de Cuba.
4-2889 / 4-3917 / 4-2870
noa@emproy15ciges.inf.cu
EMPROY No. 15

19
Empresa de Tecnología de Avanzada de la Construcción
Calle San José Final, Zona Industrial No. 2, Pueblo Grifo, Cienfuegos.
521019 / 55 1139
director@micalum.co.cu
MICALUM

20
Empresa de Proyectos de Obras de Arquitectura No. 2
Calle N No. 269 e/ 21 y 23, Plaza Ciudad de La Habana
8329472 / 8327734 / 8328001
emproydir@ceniai.inf.cu
EMPROY No. 2
www.emprosime.cu

21
Empresa de Diseño e Ingeniería de Ciego de Avila
Edificio 13 5to. Piso Micro C Rpto. Vista Alegre. Ciego de Avila
27159 / 27149
edilca@enet.cu
CEPROY

22
Empresa Tejas Infinitas
032 291269
justo@tejas.minbas.cu

23
Empresa de Materiales de la Construcción No. 10
Calle 63 Km. 3 Pueblo Grifo. Cienfuegos
22502 / 22634
materia@perla.inf.cu

24
Empresa de Proyectos de Ingeniería y Arquitectura No. 9
Ave. Liberación No. 213. Santa Clara, Villa Clara
20 2075 / 20 5576
EMPROY No. 9

25
Empresa Constructora de Obras Industriales No. 8
Ave. Agramonte s/n. Reparto Puerto Príncipe, Camagüey
262323 / 261912 / 261934
ECOI 8

26
Empresa Constructora Integral No. 1 de Ciego de Ávila
Carretera Central y Circunvalación Norte, Ciego de Ávila
28238 / 28577 / 28016
micons@ciego.cav.cyt.cu
ECI. No. 1

27
Empresa Constructora de Obras Marítimas
Calle 22 No. 114 e/ 1ra. Y 3ra. Playa
2068248 / 2068649
empom@eomarit.com.cu
ECOM

28
Grupo Empresarial de Construcciones Azucareras
Calle 42, No. 2109 e/ 21 y 23, Playa, Ciudad de la Habana.
2067671 / 2035363
directorageneral@geca.minaz.cudnegocios@geca.minaz.cu
GECA

29
Empresa de Proyectos de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Matanzas
San Vicente Final s/n Pueblo Nuevo. Matanzas.
45291824 / 45291802 ext. 204
luis-gonzalez@empai.co.cu/melena-torrens@empai.co.cu
EMPAI

30
Empresa Constructora de Obras de Arquitectura No. 21
Ave. De las Américas S/N Esq. Terraza. Santiago de Cuba.
4-3965 / 4-2469
ochoa@ecoa21.ciges.inf.cu
ECOA No. 21

31
Empresa de Proyectos de Obras de Transporte
Muralla 211 e/ Cuba y Aguiar, Habana Vieja. Ciudad de La Habana.
8661378 8622002-04
maruchiepot@netcons.com.cu
EPOT

32
Empresa de Materiales de la Construcción No. 13
Amadoi Estevez s/n. Reparto Roberto Reyes
42-6309 / 42-3812
root@mat13.granma.inf.cu

33
Centro Nacional de Capacitación y Superación Técnica
Ave. Carlos M. De Céspedes y 35. Plaza de la Revolución. Ciudad de La Habana.
8817880 / 8817087 / 555305 al 27 ext. 374
acosta@micons.cu
CENCSUT

34
Importadora y Comercializadora de la Construcción
Paseo No.1551, Esq. Zapata, Plaza de la Revolución. Ciudad de La Habana.
8815224 / 8811850 / 8811250
guido@imeco.com.cusandral@imeco.com.curoberto@imeco.com.cu
IMECO

35
Empresa de Servicios de Ingeniería y Diseño de Holguín
Frexes Esquina A. Guiteras, Holguín
42-2231/4521/46-2589
vertice@vertice.holguin.inf.cu
VERTICE

36
Empresa de Servicios de Ingeniería y Diseño de Granma
Ave. Frank País, # 46. Rpto: Jesús Menéndez, Bayamo, Granma
42-4114/42-5395
edigran@ip.etecsa.cu

37
Grupo Empresarial de la Construcción de Matanzas
San Luis No.13 e/ San Francisco y San Juan Bautista, Pueblo Nuevo, Matanzas
292517 / 291011
direcc@gecma.co.cu
GECMA

38
INVERCO, S.A.
Calle 9na. A, Esquina A 150., No. 15007, Reparto Cubanacán
208-7979 / 204-8662 - 63 / 208-7978
yirmamar@cubalse.cu
INVERCO, S.A.

39
Empresa del Plástico de la Habana
Ave. Monumental Km 81/2 e/ Vía Blanca y Línea de Ferrocarril, San Miguel del Padrón, Ciudad de la Habana
795-9687 / 795-9271/795-9272
coplast@perdurit.com.cu
COPLAST

40
Empresa de Impermeabilizantes Asfálticos
Calle 288 s/n, E/ 51 y 61, El Cano, La Lisa, Ciudad de la Habana
2020140 / 2050986
imperasfal@perdurit.com.cu
IMPERASFAL

41
Empresa Constructora de Obras Industriales No.11
Carretera del Caney s/n Calle 17 y 19. Rpto Vista Alegre, Santiago de Cuba
642851 / 641866
ecoill@ecoill.ciges.inf.cu
ECOI # 11

42
Empresa de Materiales de Construcción de Camagüey
General Gómez # 208 e/ Cisneros y San Ramón, Camagüey
294275 / 292542 / 293574
marlene@cmg.escambray.com.cu

43
Empresa Materiales de Construcción de Villa Clara
Carrretera central No. 441, Villa Clara
29 1116/ 29 1183/ 29 1939
vc.mercedes@vclara.geicon.gov.cuvc.juridica@ vclara.geicon.gov.cu

44
Empresa de Diseño e Ingeniería de Cienfuegos
Ave.60 Nº 4302 e/ 43 y 15, Cienfuegos
55 1271/ 55 5608/ 55 1371
cedin@aconci.perla.inf.cu
EDIN Cienfuegos

45
Técnica Hidráulica, S.A.
Humboldt No. 106 esq. P 6to. Piso, Vedado, Plaza.
836 5158 8775953/8783074/705158
thic@ceniai.inf.cu
TH

46
Grupo Empresarial de la Construcción de Granma
Avenida Frank País # 46, e/ Amado Estevez y Ave. Figueredo, Granma
42-4789
direccion@ascon9.grm.cyt.cu

47
Empresa de Fibrocemento de Siguaney
Siguaney, Taguasco.
45534/45591/45512
ventas@siguaney.perdurit.com.cu
PERDURIT

48
Grupo Empresarial de Diseño e Ingeniería de la Construcción
Calle 33 e/ 20 y 22 No. 2004 Playa
205-9406 / 2059408
gedic@netcons.com.cu
GEDIC

49
Grupo Empresarial de la Construcción de Santiago de Cuba
Avenida Victoriano Garzón # 61 Esq. Carretera Central.
52-7118/651596/652101
barbaro@vtmicons.ciges-inf.cu

50
Empresa de Diseño e Ingenería de Guantánamo
13 Norte # 802 e/ San Gregorio y Cuartel.
38-1805/38-1905
edi@edigtmo.co.cu

51
Empresa de Materiales de la Construcción No 5
Carretera a Zaza del medio Km 1 e/ Linea y Rotondda Sancti Spíritus
335142 26347/25527
emcos@yayabo.inf.cu
Mat.Const.No 5

52
Empresa de Servicios de Ingeniería No. 2 de Varadero
Avenida 1ra. E/ 12 y 14 Reparto Isla del Sur, Varadero Matanzas
612331 / 611422 / 612472
despinosa@arcos.co.cummirabal@arcos.co.cu
ARCOS

53
Empresa de Arquitectura de Interiores y Diseño Gráfico
Calle 12 No. 308 e/ 3ra. Y 5ta., Playa, Ciudad de La Habana.
204 6789 / 202 2242 / 2049109
darq@ceniai.inf.cu
D/ ARQ

54
UBP No. 8 Combinado Israel Santos
Camino del Oriente s/n Zona Industrial Las Tunas
47947
isantos@eci2.ltunas.inf.cu
DURALMET

55
Empresa de Cerámica Blanca de Holguín
Carretera Central Km 774
422312/422267/468007
root@ceramica.holguin.inf.cu

56
Empresa Hormigón y Terrazo
Calle 100 y Paso Seco. Arroyo Naranjo
6968092 / 6968256 / 6968232
oscar@horter.co.cu
HORTER

57
Empresa Constructora de Obras de Ingeniería Nº 12
Calle 63 km 2 1/2, Cuatro Caminos, Cienfuegos
52 2325/52 1996/5 22263
ecoing12@aconci.perla.inf.cu
ECOING Nº 12

58
Empresa de Construcción, Reparación y Mantenimiento Constructivo
Benjumeda 514 entre Infanta y Callejón Morales. Cerro.
8796530 / 8796584
corepma@ceniai.inf.cu
COREPMA

59
Empresa Construcción y Mantenimiento
Calle 240 y Televilla # 6124, La Lisa
2625017 / 18 ext. 105 y 102
ubecom@ip.minbas.co,edilio@ecom.minbas.cu,oralis@ecom.minbas.cu
ECOM

60
Empresa de Construcción Civil y Mantenimiento Vial de Camagüey
Carretera de Vertientes Km 2 1/2, Nadadels, Camagüey
296619 / 295949 / 292712

61
Empresa de Diseño e Ingeniería de las Tunas
Ave 30 de Noviembre s/n altos del BANDEC
348980 / 348968 / 48946
rolando@edilt.co.cu
EDILT-CREVER

62
Empresa de Mantenimiento Vial y Construcciones de la Habana
Calle Giral s/n e/ 22 y 23 Diez de Octubre
983350 / 990486 / 987588-89
echab@transnet.cu

63
Empresa de Mantenimiento Vial y Construcciones de Santiago de Cuba
Ave. Cebreco s/n entre 15 y 17 Rpto. Vista Alegre
644127/ 643946
eccmvstg@scu.transnet.cu
EMVC

64
Empresa de Materiales de la Construcción de Las Tunas
Ave. Camilo Cienfuegos # 223 Las Tunas
47745/ 42240
vitalmac@enet.cu
VITALMAC

65
Empresa de Pinturas "Vitral"
Calle 39 # 4410 entre 44 y 46, Playa
2046045/ 2045753
lourdes@vitral.minbas.curicardo@vitral.minbas.cu
Vitral

66
Empresa de Construcción y Montaje Agroindustrial de Camagüey
Ave. Finlay km. 3 1/2, Camagüey
261851/ 261721/ 264939
director@geca.cm.minaz.cu
ECMAI

67
Empresa Comercializadora Camilo Cienfuegos
Carretera Vieja de Guanabacoa y Línea del Ferrocarril. Repto Azotea
797 6434 ext. 106 797 4697 797 3953
rbien@comersomec.cu

68
Empresa Productora de Prefabricados No. 7 de Camagüey
Calixto García, s/n e/ Palma y Rosario, Camagüey
293576 / 296887
eppc@esicm.cu

69
Empresa Provincial de Servicios Especializados de la Construcción
Prado No. 56 esq. a Consulado Habana Vieja
8672686 / 8610627 / 8610628 ext. 111
secons@ch.gov.cu
SECONS

70
Empresa de Soluciones Mecánicas de Cienfuegos
Avenida 56 No 5106, Entre 51 y 53 Cienfuegos
(43)55-02 73
somec-e4@perla.inf.cusilvia@somec.co.cu
SOMEC

71
Union Nacional de Arquitectos e Ingenieros de la Construcción de Cuba
Humboldt 104 esq. Infanta, Vedado, Plaza de la Revolución
8363343 / 8357531
presidencia@unaicc.co.cu
UNAICC

72
Empresa Constructora de Obras de Arquitectura e Industriales N.o 4
Augusto Márquez No. 12 entre Martí y Alfredo Uset Rpto. San Juan El Cristo
42-3498
direccion@ecoai4.gecgr.co.cu
ECOAI-4

73
Empresa de Aseguramiento y Logística Hidráulica
Carretera Vieja de Guanabacoay Línea del Ferrocarril
7979712 / 7970383 797 0821 al 25
rvillalba@cubahidraulica.cuantonio@cubahidraulica.cu
EALH

74
Empresa Constructora del Sistema Empresarial Recaudador de Divisas
Calle 240 e/ 81 y Lindero, reparto Bello 26, La Lisa
2658709 / 2658710
desther@dobras.co.cu /pedro@dobras.co.cu
D´OBRAS

75
Empresa de Montaje y Producción Industrial del Transporte
Palatino No. 449 e/ Santa Catalina y Palmar
641 7158 /6416882
director@emeca.transnet.cucomercial@emeca.transnet.cu
EMPIT

76
Cemento Santiago, S.A
Calle Bitirí No. 104 e/ Tamo y Padres de las Casas
645210/ 645142
inversiones@stg.minbas.cu

Sección Industria Agroalimentaria

1
Grupo Empresarial Industrial y de Distribución de la Pesca
Ave. del Puerto y Hacendados, Habana Vieja, Ciudad de La Habana
8622050 / 8629578 / 863 4167
maritza@indipes.telemar.cu
INDIPES

2
Cítricos Caribe, S.A.
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes No. 774 e/ Conill y Tulipán, Plaza Ciudad de La Habana
8810753 / 8820446
ramiro@ccaribe.co.cupfelipe@ccaribe.co.cu

3
Corporación Alimentaria, S.A.
Calle 14 No. 306 apto. 1 e/ 3ra. y 5ta., Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
204-9290
lucy@coralsa.com.cupedro@coralsa.com.cu
CORALSA

4
Corporación Cuba Ron, S.A.
Calle 200 No. 1708 esq. a17, Rpto. Atabey, Playa Ciudad de La Habana
273-0102/ 204-0956/204-2427
cubaron@cubaron.co.cu
www.cubaron.com

5
Empresa Provincial Alimentaria Especialidades Yumurí
Tirrini No10 altos, Pueblo Nuevo Matanzas.
(45)29-1317/29-20-73
eyumuri@mtz.alimatic.cu
Especialidades Yumurí

6
Empresa Cervecería Antonio Díaz Santana
Carretera Central km 247, Manacas, Villa Clara
4 6312 al 18/ 4 6100/ 4 6166
roly@alimaticvc.co.cu
MANACAS

7
Empresa Confitera ¨La Estrella¨
Calle Vega y Vía Blanca, Cerro, Ciudad de La Habana
640 2943 / 641 1908
laestrella@confit.com.cu

8
Empresa Cubana Exportadora de Alimentos y Productos Varios
Calle 23 No. 55, 8vo. piso, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
836 6402 838 0595
frank@cexport.mincex.cu
CUBAEXPORT

9
Empresa Cubana Exportadora de Azúcar y sus Derivados
Calle 23 No. 55, 7mo. piso, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
838 0612
direccion@cbz.mincex.cu
CUBAZUCAR

10
Empresa Cubana Importadora, Exportadora y Comercializadora de Productos de la Ciencia y la Técnica Agropecuaria
Calle 148 No. 905 esq. a 9na., Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
208-2164 / 208-2064
amartin@catec.co.cuafiallo@catec.co.cu
CATEC

11
Empresa Cubana del Tabaco
Nueva #75 e/ Universidad y Pedroso. Cerro
879 0250-52-53
calero@cubatabaco.cuomar@cubatabaco.cu
CUBATABACO

12
Empresa Cárnica TAURO
Calle E e/ 12 y Línea del Ferrocarril, Lawton, Ciudad de La Habana
641 8393 641 8698
tauro@ceniai.inf.cu
TAURO

13
Empresa de Produción y Distribución de Ocas
Calle 51 Esq. A 218 La Lisa.
260 3471 / 260 3471 272 0985
oca@enet.cu
OROCA

14
Empresa de Productos Lácteos Coppelia
Calle 10 No. 506 e/ 5ta. y 31, Miramar, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana.
204 6322 2022220 / 2026922
operaciones@coppelia.cu
COPPELIA

15
Empresa de Ingeniería y Servicios Técnicos Azucareros
Calle 12 No. 310 e/ 3ra. y 5ta. Ave., Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
2047272 / 2047271/ 2041531/2040281
tecno@tecnoazucar.cu
TECNOAZUCAR

16
Instituto de Suelos del MINAGRI
Autopista Costa-Costa y Antigua, Carretera de Vento, Capdevila, Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana
645-1166 / 645-1399 / 645-1388 / 645-1188
acardenas@minag.gov.cu
IS

17
Empresa Comercializadora de Aceite "ECASOL"
Ave 7ma # 1601 Esq. A 16 Miramar, Playa.
204-7554 / 204-7555
fernando@ecasol.gae.com.cu
ECASOL

18
Empresa de Cereales Cienfuegos
Zona Industrial No. 2 O´Bourke Cienfuegos
52-3521
juridico@cerealcf.co.cu

19
Sociedad Mercantil ZERUS, S.A.
Calle 23 No. 171 e/ N y O Vedado Municipio Plaza de la Revolución
838-3647 / 838 3194 EXT. 2344
negocios1@ocentral.minaz.cupresidentezerus@ocentral.minaz.cu
ZERUS

20
Unión de Empresas Combinado Avícola Nacional
Avenida Independencia y Conill Nuevo Vedado
884-5417/884-5478/884-5541 881 0860
direccion@uecan.com.cu
UECAN

21
Unión Láctea
San Rafael N.o 467 / Lealtad y Campanario Centro Habana
862-6011 al 17 ext. 113
secre_direc@unilac.co.cudpto_juridico@unilac.co.cu
UNILAC

22
Unión de la Carne
Carretera de la Polar y Línea del Ferrocarril, Puentes Grandes, Cerro, Ciudad de La Habana
881 9265 /8 81 9976
francisca@unicar.com.cudireccion@unicar.com.curaisner@unicar.com.cu

23
Unión de Ingeniería del Ministerio de la Industria Alimenticia
Línea No. 8 e/ N y O, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
832-8981/ 832-9511 836 7261
bruiz@enet.cu

24
Corporación HABANOS, S.A.
22 e/ 3ra. Y 1ra. No. 115, Miramar, Playa
204-0528 / 2040530
habanos@habanos.cu
HABANOS, S.A.
www.habanossa.com

25
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos Villa Clara
Calle Nueva esq. 1ra. Nro 23, Reparto Virginia, Santa Clara, Villa Clara
20 5138/ 20 5859/ 20 5197
EMBER Villa Clara

26
Empresa de Pastas y Caramelos de Santiago
Avenida Los Pinos, Distrito José Marti, Santiago de Cuba
632546 / 632592
stgo@confit.com.cu

27
Empresa Cárnica Camagüey
Circunvalacion Oeste Km 1. Camagüey
283462 / 297600 / 297074
fortessa@enet.cu

28
Grupo Empresarial Pesquero de Camagüey
Circunvalación Norte Km 1, Camaguey.
271709 / 271317 / 271323 / 271723 / 271479
pescacam@fishnavy.inf.cu
PESCACAM

29
Empresa Avícola de Camagüey
Ave No54,Esquina Callejón, de Keiser,Camagüey.
296477 / 294921 / 293819
direccion@can.cmg.co.cucomercial@can.cmg.co.cu
ENA o CAN

30
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos de Ciego de Avila
Carretera Central Km 468, Ciego de Avila
27678 / 28724 / 24916
nelson@emberca.co.cu
EMBER Ciego de Avila

31
Empresa Cárnica de Villa Clara
Circunvalación y Carretera Central, Banda Esperanza. Santa Clara, Villa Clara.
21 5992/ 20 7994/29 1435
alfonso@enet.cu
ALAMO

32
Empresa de Pastas Alimenticias ¨Vita Nuova¨
Carretera Central Km 35 1/2. San José de las Lajas, La Habana
(047)86 1395 (047)86 4341 (047)86 1388
vitanuova@enet.cu
Vitanuova

33
Empresa de Conservas de Vegetales de Camagüey
Ave No. 357 s/n e/ San Martin y San José, Camagüey
296417 / 293075 / 291496
camag@consva.com.cu

34
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos de Camagüey
Avenida de la Libertad No 159 e/Arrieta y Pancho Agramonte,Camagüey
291082 / 292157 / 292123 / 291062
emberec@esicm.cu
EMBER Camagüey

35
Empresa de Comercialización y Equipos Porcinos
46 No. 3908 e/ 39 y 39-A. Playa. Ciudad de La Habana
2037396 / 2076869 / 2030978
lucila@ecepor.cu
ECEPOR

36
Empresa de Productos Lácteos de Camagüey
Calle Enrique José Norte No. 317 Altos, San José y Linea de Ferrocarril, Camagüey.
293126 / 292013 / 293744
lacteocmg@enet.cu
EMPLAC

37
Grupo Empresarial Pesquero de Santiago de Cuba
Calle Padre Pico s/n, altos, e/ Aguilera y Heredia, Santiago de Cuba
2-8455 / 2-4184
pescasan@pescasan.scu.sld.cu
PESCASAN

38
Asociación de Café de Santiago de Cuba
Calle L Nro 51 esq. A 2da, Rpto Sueño, Santiago de Cuba
2-2125

39
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos Cienfuegos
Calle 23 Nro 5619 e/ 56 y 58, Cienfuegos
51 8550 / 51 3004
embere@perla.inf.cu
EMBER Cienfuegos

40
Empresa Provincial de la Industria Alimentaria de Ciego de Avila
José María. Agramonte # 21 esq. Libertad, Ciego de Avila
25250 / 25457 / 23693
epia@enet.cu

41
Empresa Cervecería Tínima
Circunvalación Norte y camino de la matanza Km 2 1/2, Camagüey.
262190 / 261015
cerveza@tinima.cmg.colombus.cu

42
Empresa de Tabaco Torcido de Santiago de Cuba
Calle Donato Mármol (San Agustín) s/n e/Vicente Aguilera y José A. Saco, Enramadas, Stgo de Cuba
5-4207

43
Complejo Agroindustrial Arrocero "Ruta Invasora" de Camagüey
Finca San Antonio, Vertientes, Camagüey
37515 / 37585

44
Corporación de Abastecimiento al Turismo, S.A.
Edificio Jardines de 5ta Avenida y calle 114, 3er piso, Apto 161, Miramar, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
204 3060, 2043059
miriam@coratur.cujulio@coratur.cu
CORATUR, S.A.

45
Empresa Genética y Cría Manuel Fajardo
Calle Cmdte Ramón s/n y Carretera "La Mireya", Jiguaní, Granma
66464/66724/66254
genetic@esignma.colombus.cu

46
Empresa Citrícola Victoria de Girón
Finca San José Km 3 Torriente, Jagüey Grande, Matanzas
045 986109 / 98 6100 / 98 6238
evelio@jagueycitro.atenas.inf.cu

47
Los Portales, S.A
Calle 3era # 3 404 Esq. 34 Miramar, Playa, Ciudad de la Habana.
2044099 / 2044153 / 204-7691
lpsa@losportales.cu
Los Portales S.A

48
Empresa Importadora Exportadora Confitel
Concha 460 e/ Fábrica y Reforma. Luyanó. Diez de Octube
983725 / 982955 / 986535
ramon@confitel.cu rita@confitel.cu
Confitel

49
Empresa Provincial Alimentaria de Camagüey
Cisnero # 214, e/ Hermanos Agüero y Martí Camagüey
294931 / 293882 / 299285/294041
alicam@caonao.cmw.inf.cu
EPAC

50
Inversiones Locarinos, S.A.
Calle 23 No.103 4to piso e/ O y P Vedado, Plaza La Habana
833 21 56 / 833 2169

tania@locarinos.ith.cu

antonio@locarinos.ith.cu

INLOC, S.A.

51
Empresa Cervecería Santiago de Cuba
Carretera de Bacardí No. 36 Santiago de Cuba
33517 34924
Hatuey

52
Empresa Confitera Camagüey
Carretera de Nuevitas km 10 1/2
262403 / 262223
camaguey@confit.com.cu

53
Productos Cárnicos Hispano Cubanos, S.A.
Calle 6ta. No. 6-1 e/ 17 y 19A Berroa Oeste, Habana del Este, Cuidad de la Habana
7959300
marketing@bravo.cu
BRAVO, S.A.

54
Centro Provincial de Frutas Selectas de Holguín
Carretera a Mayarí, Km. 51/2 San Rafael, Holguín
481658 / 482403

55
Empresa de Contratación y Colocación
Ave. La Pesquera s/n y Hacendados. Habana Vieja.
8619647 / 8620877 / 8638921
dir_genmar@pesport.telemar.cumagie@pesport.telemar.cu
GENMAR

56
Grupo Empresarial Pesquero de Villa Clara
Doble Vía Esq. 9na., Vigía sur, Santa Clara, Villa Clara.
27 1778/ 27 3206/ 21 6411
pcavilla@civc.inf.cu
PESCAVILLA

57
Empresa de Conservas de Vegetales de Ciego de Avila
Carretera a Ceballos Km. 2 1/2, Ciego de Avila.
27720 / 27218 / 28502
argelio@conservas.cav.co.cu

58
Empresa Productora y Distribuidora de Alimentos de Holguín
Cervantes # 64 entre Cuba y Prado
42-3761 / 42-4026
numa@holguin.inf.cu

59
Complejo Agroindustrial Arrocero¨Fernando Echenique¨
Ave. Francisco V. Aguilera No.12, Bayamo, Granma
482676/ 482506

60
Empresa Derivados del Cacao¨Ruben Suárez Abella¨
Carretera de Mabujado · 54 Baracoa, Guantánamo.
4-2602/ 4-2646/ 4-2637/ 4-3754
root@choco.gtmo.inf.cu

61
STELLA, S.A.
Calle 5ta e esq 168 Zona 7 Alamar Habana del Este
7663991 al 93
leila@stella.com.cu
STELLA, S.A.
www.stella-stic.com

62
Internacional Cubana de Tabacos, S.A.
Ave. Independencia No. 34501 E/ 345 y 1ro de Mayo, Boyeros. Ciudad de La Habana.
683-9038 ext 130 / 57-9196
lerodriguez@ictsa.cu
ICT

63
Empresa de Productos Lácteos Río Zaza
Carretera A Zaza del Medio Km. 1 Sancti Spíritus.
2 46 61/23670/28027
riozaza@enet.cu
NELA

64
Empresa de Productos Lácteos Bayamo
Ave. Jimmy Hirtzel s/n. Bayamo. Granma.
42-5213 / 42-5235
revilla@lacteo.granma.inf.cu

65
Empresa Pecuaria MACUN
Calle Céspedes No. 164 Esq. Clara Bartón. Sagua de la Grande. Villa Clara.
6 2905 / 6 4600/ 6 3902
macunvc@civc.inf.cualain@macun.vel.cu
MACUN

66
Empresa Azucarera ¨Dos Ríos¨
Ave. Girón S/N. Batey Dos Ríos. Palma Soriano. Santiago de Cuba.
(0225) 3463 / 3558
director@cai623.sc.minaz.cu
CAI ¨Dos Ríos¨

67
Empresa Pecuaria Rectángulo
Finca Palo Quemado. Apdo. No. 5. Guáimaro. Camagüey.
82502 82667

68
Terminal Refrigerada TERREF
Ensenada de Pote y Atarés. Habana Vieja. Ciudad de La Habana.
861-2566 /861-2602
direccion@terref.telemar.cu
TERREF

69
Empresa Pecuaria Vertientes
5ta.Ave.No.67 entre C y D, Vertientes
37524 / 37232 / 37565
dvert@eimanet.co.cu

70
Cervecería Bucanero, S.A.
Circunvalacióm Sur Km 31/2, Holguín
2048557 / 468767/ 468226
ada.cabrera@bucanero.com.cu

71
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos Santiago de Cuba
Avenida Garzón, No. 359, entre Calle 4ta y Avenida de Céspedes, Santiago de Cuba
23263/23571
EMBER Santiago

72
Empresa de Cereales de Santiago de Cuba
CarreteraTurística, Km 11/2. Punta Jardín. Santiago de Cuba
69-1475/69-4071
rey@cst.molin.com.cu

73
Empresa de Productos Lácteos de Matanzas
Milanés, # 27416 e/ Magdalena y Matanzas, Matanzas
045 287831 al 33 ext. 121 y 223
lacmatanzas@lacmtz.co.cu
APLM

74
Empresa Provincial de la Industria Alimentaria
Heredia No. 20 ( Altos) E/ Gallo Y factoría, Santiago de Cuba
62-2119/62-4349
erich@epiascu.ciges.inf.cu
ALIMSAN

75
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos de Granma
Calle Zenea No. 273 e/ Saco y H. Hechavarría, Bayamo, Granma
42-4617/42-4226
EMBER Granma

76
Grupo Empresarial de Logística del Minagri
Calle Calzada de Bejucal esq. A 100
8820286 / 8819143
negociosgelma@agrinfor.cu
GELMA

77
Grupo Empresarial Comercializador, Operador y Negociador de Azúcar y sus Derivados
Calle 4 No. 111 e/ 1ra y 3era, Playa, Ciudad de la Habana
2095160 / 2061484
juridico@conazuc.minaz.cu
CONAZUCAR

78
Empresa Molinera Cárdenas
Céspedes Final s/n Zona Portuaria Cárdenas, Matanzas.
52-4867 ext. 107
celso@molinera.co.cu
MAISOL

79
Complejo Agroindustrial Enrique Varona González
Calle Sanguily s/n Falla; municipio Chambas, Ciego de Avila
68295 / 68318
sala@cai501.ca.minaz.cu

80
Alcoholes Finos de Caña, S.A.
Consejo Popular de Covadonga, Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos
552278
alficsa@enet.cu
ALFICSA

81
Empresa de Producciones Diversificadas José A. Echeverría
Pinillo # 309 e/ Sáez y Carrillo Cárdenas, Matanzas.
523462 / 524440
dirjae@jae.mt.minaz.cu

82
Empresa Mayorista Central de Alimentos
San Miguel # 260 e/ Galiano y San Nicolás, Habana Vieja Ciudad de la Habana
862 7660 / 862 7517
director@alimec.com.cu
ALIMEC

83
Unión de Bebidas y Refrescos
Carretera La Polar y Línea del Ferrocarril, Cerro.
8817135 / 8817813
lazara.romero@ubr.cu

84
Empresa Exportadora de Bebidas y Refrescos
Calle 58B esq. 41 No. 4101 Playa
207-0130 al 207-0133
deborah@export.ubr.cu

85
Empresa de Conservas de Vegetales Turquino
Ave. Libertadores # 216 La Aduana, Holguín.
48-1992/48-1539
turq@enet.cu

86
Empresa de Productos Lácteos "ESCAMBRAY"
Zona Industrial Km 1 Cumanayagua.
(0143)43 3806/ 3 3381
edi@lacteocf.perla.inf.cu
ESCAMBRAY

87
Complejo Agroindustrial Siboney
Central Siboney s/n, Municipio Sibanicú.
388166 / 388117
CAI Siboney

88
Empresa Azucarera Jesus Rabí
CAI Jesús Rabí Calimete Matanzas.
375181 / 375165
director@ea314.mt.minaz.cu

89
OEE Abastecedora del Centro
Carretera Central Km 297 Santa Clara, Villa Clara
29 1898
abacen@enet.cu
ABACEN

90
Unión Confitera
Rodríguez No. 44 e/ Rabí y 10 de Octubre. 10 de Octubre
642 9382-87 / 6429381 al 84
direccion@confit.com.cujuridico@confit.com.cu

91
Empresa de Productos Lácteos Santiago de Cuba
Avenida Victoriano Garzón No. 54
627744
harry@lacstg.ciges.inf.cu

92
Empresa Procesadora de Café Asdrúbal López
Cuartel y el 17 Sur, Circunvalación Guantánamo
326235/326257
procafe@eimagt.co.cualtoserra@eimagt.co.cu
Altoserra

93
Empresa Provincial Integral de la Industria Alimenticia de Granma
Av. De los Defiles e/ Ave. Granma y Plaza de la Patria Granma
426184 / 425167 / 424848
tiara@grm.alimatic.cu

94
Empresa Pesquera Industrial de Cienfuegos
Carretera a Fertilizantes, Zona Industrial O´Bourque, Cienfuegos
52 2262/ 52 2896/ 52 2895
pesca@perla.inf.cu
EPICIEN

95
Empresa Confitera Caibarién
Carretera a Remedios Km. 2, Caibarién
35 1840/ 36 3376/ 36 3615
comercial@guani.vc.alimatic.cu
GUANÍ

96
Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna
Ave. Boyeros y Capdevila, Boyeros
452008 / 2031433 al 36
mjosefa@ffauna.sih.cu
ENPFF

97
Empresa de Cítricos Héroes de Girón
Carretera Central Australia y Atopista Nacional Km 142 Jagüey Grande
913484 / 913245 / 91-3536 al 38
ocastellanos@citricojg.cu

98
Empresa de Glucosa de Cienfuegos
Zona Industrial 2, Cienfuegos
523635/ 52 1302/ 52 3574
glucosa@confit.com.cu
GYDEMA

99
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos Matanzas
Río # 62 entre Santa Teresa y Zaragoza
243887/ 245054
emberemt@enet.cu
EMBER Matanzas

100
Bodegas del Caribe, S.A.
Calle 5ta Avenida No. 18004, entre 180 y 182, Playa, Municipio Playa
2729915 7 / 2729914 / 2729916
bodecar@enet.cu

101
Empresa de Producción de Piensos de Cienfuegos
Zona Industrial # 2, O´Bourque, Cienfuegos
0432 52 1356/ 52 2570
pienso@eimacfg.co.cu/
Piensos Cienfuegos

102
Empresa Industrial de Alimentos
Hacendado # 55, e/ Línea del Ferrocarril y Ave. del Puerto, Habana Vieja
8609440 / 8635873/8634291
comercial@indal.telemar.cu /director@indal.telemar.cu
INDAL

103
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos de Santi Spíritus
Bartolomé Masó 263 entre Buena Vista y Santa Elena, Santi Spiritus
22612/ 24451/ 25296
emberss@vcalimatic.cu
EMBER S.Spíritus

104
Empresa Azucarera "Ciro Redondo"
Eduardo Palmero # 8, Ciro Redondo
36203
marketing@cai515.ca.minaz.cu

105
Empresa Azucarera "Chile"
Jesús Menéndez s/n central Chile, San Luis
87109/ 87242
director@cai633.sc.minaz.cu

106
Empresa Agropecuaria de Santiago de Cuba
Calle 6 y Ave. Las Américas
623817
director@alimento.sc.minaz.cu

107
Empresa de Cultivos Varios Horquita
Calle Mariana Grajales, final; Horquita, Abreus.
0143 58 9266/ 58 9247
HORQUITA

108
Unión de Conservas y Vegetales
Calle E # 152, esquina a Calzada, Vedado
8322576/ 8324230
union@consva.com.cu

109
EMPRESA PESCA CARIBE
Calle La Rua, s/n y Final, Cojimar Habana del Este
7630028 (priv) y 7623937
alejandro@pcaribe.telemar.cu

110
Empresa de Servicios y Aseguramiento de la Agricultura de Ciudad de La Habana
Patria # 60 entre Calzada del Cerro y Final, Cerro.
8782065 / 8782847 / 8785773
asstach@sih.cu /catuca@cenia.inf.cu
ESACH

111
Empresa Azucarera "Julio Antonio Mella"
Calle Ingenio # 4, Municipio Mella
02257398
director@cai623.sc.minaz.cu

112
Empresa Pesquera de Granma
Ave. Camilo Cienfuegos km. 1, Manzanillo
54717
delia@pescag.co.cu
PESCAGRAN

113
Empresa Cítricos Arimao
Carretera a Cienfuegos No. 137 Cumanayagua. Cieunfuegos
0143 43 3031/ 43 3324
omar@cit.arimao.colombus.cu
CITAR

114
Empresa Provincial de Acopio de Camagüey
Calle Principe No. 57 e/ General Gómez y San Ramón. Camagüey
297342
acopio@eimanet.co.cu

115
Grupo Empresarial Agroindustrial de Santiago de Cuba
Calle L s/n e/ Ave. Las Américas y Calle 6ta. Reparto Sueño. Santiago de Cuba
653561 / 622246
presidente@gea.sc.minaz.cu
PREMAG

116
Empresa Azucarera Ignacio Agramonte
Batey Central Ignacio Agramonte, Florida Camagüey
53349 / 53012
sasa@agramonte.cm.minaz.cu

117
Empresa de Producciones Diversificadas Patria o Muerte
Calle 1ra. No. 60, Patri, Ciego de Avila
03355512 / 5514 / 5511
direccion@epdpatria.ca.minaz.cu

118
Empresa de Productos Lácteos Metropolitana
Concha No. 1 Esquina a Cristina. Habana Vieja.
992682 / 557154
delia@1metro.alimatic.cu

119
Empresa de Bebidas y Refrescos Guantánamo
17 Sur e/ 4 y 5 Oeste s/n Guantánamo
326837
rdupuy@dondiego.gtmo.inf.cudondiego@enet.cu
EMBER Guantánamo

120
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de la Caña de Azúcar
Carretera CAI Martínez Prieto, KM 2 y medio. Boyeros
262 4436 260 2571
negocios@inica.edu.cu
INICA

121
Empresa Forestal Integral Sancti Spíritus
Máximo Gómez No. 55 Norte e/ C Calderon y Tirso Marin, Sancti Spíritus
325508 / 322345
efiss@enet.cu

122
Empresa de Conservas de Vegetales Villa Clara
San Pablo No. 4 e/ Máximo Gómez y Juan Bruno Zayas, Villa Clara
202162 / 203791
convc@enet.cu

123
Empresa de Talleres Agropecuarios Villa Clara
Calle Cornelio s/n e/ Oquendo y Raul Alvarez, Reparto Virginia, Santa Clara.
291166 / 223913
agrometvc@enet.cu /agrometal@enet.cu

124
Empresa Importadora Exportadora de Equipos y Piezas de Ingeniería
Línea No. 8 Piso 6 e/ N y O. Vedado
8369650
gilberto@alimpex.co.cu /krodiles@alimpex.co.cu
ALIMPEX

125
Empresa Torrefactora de Café Regil
Independencia 189 Esq. Aranguren. Guanabacoa.
7979052 7976088
caferegil@enet.cu

126
Empresa Mayorista de Suministros Agropecuarios
Ave. Independencia No. 12555 esq. Capdevilla
6454300
isis@emsa.sih.curaulito@emsa.sih.cu
EMSA

127
Empresa de Aseguramiento Logístico del Tabaco
Ave. 315 No. 16205 e/ 162 y 164
6849737-38-39
raul@logitabacuba.curene@logitabacuba.cumagali@logitabacuba.cuaylin@logitabacuba.cu
Logitabacuba

128
Grupo Empresarial Frutícola
Av. Independencia No.11111 esq. Vento
6438302/6438269/6438227
despacho@gef.cu rgm@gef.curaul@gef.cu

 

Sección Servicios

Agencia Internacional de Inspección, Ajuste de Averías y Otros Servicios Conexos
INTERMAR, S.A.
Calle F # 560 e/ 23 y 25 Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
833-2493 /94 /833-2281
dacha@casamatriz.intermar.cucomerciales@casamatriz.intermar.cu

Agencia de Protección contra Incendios
APCI
CALLE MORRO, NO. 158, ENTRE COLON Y TROCADERO
860-5301/ 861-5958
apci@apci.cu marlene@apci.cu lourdes@apci.cu

Almacenes Universales, S.A.
AUSA
Calle Fábrica e/ Aspura y Línea del Ferrocarril. Habana Vieja
690-2359 / 690-2360
presidencia@cmatriz.ausa.cu leila@cmatriz.ausa.cueduardo@cmatriz.ausa.cu

Asistencia al Turista, S.A.
ASISTUR
Paseo del Prado No. 208, e/ Trocadero y colón, Habana Vieja. Ciudad de La Habana
866-8859
asistur@asistur.cu/ jrol@asistur.cu

Asociación Nacional de Innovadores y Racionalizadores
ANIR
Calle 40 No. 518 e/ 5ta.-A y 7ma., Miramar, Playa Ciudad de La Habana
209-6670 / 203-4418
anir@ceniai.inf.cu

Banco Popular de Ahorro
B.P.A.
Calle 16 No. 306 e/ 3ra. y 5ta., Miramar, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
203-0247
margarita@mail.bpa.cu

Bufete Balsanyda y Asociados
(none)
Calle2 Nº 115 e/ 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, Playa
204-0672 / 204-5944/204-5945
mirita@compunet.co.cu alex@compunet.co.cu

Bufete Internacional
B.I.
Calle 5ta Avenida No. 16202, esq. 162, Rpto. Flores, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
204-51-26/ 204-5127
directora@bufeteinternacional.cu

División de Mensajería y Cambio Internacional
CUBAPOST-EMS
Vento y Camaguey
646-4600
orestes@ecc.cu

Grupo Empresarial Comercial Caracol
CARACOL, S.A.
Calle 1ra. No. 2003 e/ 20 y 22, Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
204-1618 / 204-1408 / 204 -1618
preside@caracol.cu isabel@caracol.cu

Centro de Gestión de la Información y Desarrollo de la Energía
CUBAENERGÍA
Calle 20 No. 4111 e/ 18-A y 47, Miramar, Playa Ciudad de La Habana.
203-1412 / 202-7527
aldama@cubaenergia.cu / mariat@cubaenergia.cu

Compañía Turística HABAGUANEX S.A.
HABAGUANEX S.A.
Oficios No. 110 e/ Amargura y Lamparilla, Habana Vieja, Ciudad de La Habana
861-1035
gerencia.comercial@enet.cu

Consultores Asociados, S.A.
CONAS, S.A.
5ta. Ave. No. 2201 esq. A 22, Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
204-0781/ 204-0207 / 204-2988
conas@conas.co.cu / elvira@conas.co.cu

Consultorías y Avalúos S.A.
CONAVANA, S.A.
Calle 8 No. 306 e/ 13 y 15, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
836-7342/ 43 833 2516/17
consultores@conavana.cu leiskia@conavana.cutania@conavana.cu

Corporación Panamericana, S.A.
(none)
Ave. 7ma. No. 6209 e/ 62 y 66, Miramar
204-2728 /202-9088
presidenciapanam@centralholding.com/negocios@centralholding.com

Cubadeportes, S.A.
CDP
Calle 20 No. 710 e/ 7ma. y 9na., Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana.
204-4217/ 204-8715
gral@cubadeportes.cu / agencia1@cubadeportes.cu

Empresa Comercializadora de Materias Primas y Productos Intermedios
MAPRINTER
Calle 23 No. 55 8vo. Piso, Vedado.
838-0645 / 885-2971 al 73
direccion@maprinter.mincex.cu /odalys@maprinter.mincex.cu

Empresa Cubana Importadora y Exportadora de Productos Técnicos
TECNOIMPORT
Ave.Puerto,Edif. La Marina, 4to piso, e/ Juztìs y Obrapìa, No 102 .
869 56 01 / 861 55 52
romero@ti.gae.com.cu/ mora@ti.gae.com.cu

Empresa Cubana Importadora y Exportadora de Servicios, Artículos y Productos Especializados
TECNOTEX
Calle San Pedro y Obrapía, Edificio La Marina.
861-5526 / 861-3536
jdespacho@tecnotex.gae.com.cu /daniel@tecnotex.gae.com.cu

Empresa Especializada Importadora, Exportadora y Distribuidora para la Ciencia y la Técnica
EMIDICT
Calle 16 No. 102 esq. a 1ra.Miramar.
203-4647 / 202-8435
calixto@emidict.com.cu regla@emidict.com.cu

Empresa Importadora-Exportadora de Abastecimientos Técnicos
EMIAT
Calle 20 No. 519 e/ 5ta y 7ma, Miramar, Playa
203-0345 / 203-0389 / 203- 0213
olgal@emiat.co.cu / rita@emiat.co.cu

Empresa Nacional de Frigoríficos
ENFRIGO
Muralla No. 454 e/ Cristo y Villegas, Habana Vieja, Ciudad de La Habana
862-3556 / 861-2660 /8627005
direccion@enfrigo.com.cu

Empresa Nacional de Producción y Servicios a la Educación Superior
E.N.P.S.E.S
Calle San Miguel 1111 e/ Mazón y Basarrate, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
no hay
onelm@assets.com.cu

Grupo Empresarial Campismo Popular
GECP
Calle 15 No. 752 esq. a Paseo, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
8305536 al 39
eduardito@campismopopular.cu /juridico@campismopopular.cu

Comercializadora ITH, S.A.
ITH
Calle 15 No. 851 e/ 4 y 6, Plaza de la Revolución, Ciudad de la Habana Cuba
8312149 / 8310427 al 35 ext 175
presidente@ith.cu oria@ith.cu antonio@ith.cu

Grupo Empresarial Emprestur S.A.
EMPRESTUR, S.A.
Calle 19 No. 1002 Esq. A 10, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
831-9595 -128
comercial@emprestur.tur.cu

Empresa de Seguros Nacionales
ESEN
Calle 5ta. No. 306 e/ C y D, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
830-3293 / 832-2508 / 832-5510
humberto@esen.com.cu drb@esen.com.cu

Equipo de Servicios de Traductores e Intérpretes
ESTI
Calle Línea No. 507 e/ D y E, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana.
832-7586 al 89 / 835-1208
lida.rodriguez@esti.cu milagros.franco@esti.cu

Grupo de Turismo Gaviota
GAVIOTA, S.A.
Edificio La Marina, Ave del Puerto No. 102 e/ Justiz y Obrapía, Habana Vieja, Ciudad de La Habana
866-6777 ext 2370, 2364, 2294
despacho@gaviota..cu

Grupo Empresarial GEOCUBA
GEOCUBA
Calle 19 esquina 84. Playa. La Habana. 11300. Cuba
202-2891 / 204-2869
eladio@geocuba.cu / sires@geocuba.cu

Inmobiliaria Fénix, S.A.
FENIX S.A.
Calle Monserrate No. 261 e/ San Juan de Dios y Empedrado, Habana Vieja, Ciudad de la Habana
862-9310 / 862-9370
sp@fenix-sa.cu

Instituto de Cibernética, Matemática y Física
ICIMAF
Calle 15 No. 551 e/ C y D, Vedado,
832-7764 / 832-2688
luis@icmf.cu / betty@icmf.cu

Instituto de Geografía Tropical
IGT
Calle F No. 302 e/ 13 y 15, Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana
832-4295 / 832-1108 / 832-0262
norka@geotech.cu marlen@geotech.cu

Instituto de Información Científica y Tecnológica
IDICT
18 A e/ 41 y 47
203-1850 / 202-7885
carmen@idict.cu / fcaballero@idict.cu

Instituto de Proyectos Azucareros
IPROYAZ
Carretera al CAI Martínez Prieto, km 21/2, Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana
260-9431/ 267-7615
dir.negocios@iproyaz.co.cu

Inversiones Gamma, S.A.
(none)
Calle 14 No. 308 e/ 3ra. y 5ta., Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
204-9153 / 202-2525 / 202-2515 / 204-9117
gamma@gamma.com.cu / adrian@gamma.com.cu

Agentes de Propiedad Industrial
LEX, S.A
Ave 1ra. No. 1001 esq. a 10, Miramar, Playa Ciudad de La Habana
204-9093 / 204-3678 / 204-1657
/ juridico1@lex-sa.cu

Empresa Fama
FAMA
Mercaderes No. 26 e/ O`Reilly y Empedrado. Habana Vieja
862-8553 / 862-5086-87 / 862-5088
direccion@fama.cu

Oficina Nacional de Diseño Industrial
ONDI
Ave. 47 No. 3446 e/ Ave. 41 y Calle 34, Rpto. Kohly, Ciudad de La Habana.
203-0797 / 203-0432 / 203-0697
no hay por el momento

Grupo Empresarial PALCO
Grupo PALCO
Calle 146 e/ 11 y 13, Cubanacán, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
202-6011 al 19 / 204-1700 /208 -5312
maciques@palco.cu / isabel@palco.cu

Centro de Tecnología y Calidad
CTEC
Reina No. 410 e/ Gervasio y Escobar, Centro Habana, Ciudad de la Habana
862-1276 / 863-1288 / 862-1230
lazaro@ctec.co.cu lolarena@cetec.cullarena@ctec.cu

Financiera CIMEX, S.A.
FINCIMEX, S.A.
Calle 8 No.319 e/. 5ta y 3era, Miramar.
204-1813 / 204-3191 / 204-7929
lmartinez@cimex.com.cu

Corporación CIMEX, S.A.
CIMEX, S.A.
Calle Primera e/ 0 y 2. Miramar.
203-9815 / 203-9816
oroza@cimex.com.cu / sandra@cimex.com.cumariela@cimex.com.cu

Seguros Internacionales de Cuba, S.A.
ESICUBA
Cuba No. 314 e/ Obispo y Obrapía.
862-8031-38 ext. 1410 / 866-8400-01
mariaantonia@esicuba.cu / josecarlos@esicuba.cu

Servicios Especializados de Protección, S.A.
SEPSA S.A.
Calle Morro no 159 e/Trocadero y Colón
864-8436
mayte.dgs@sepsa.cu/ romero.dgs@sepsa.cu

Servicios Internacionales de Supervisión CUBACONTROL, S.A.
CUBACONTROL, S.A
Calle Conill No. 580 esq. a 26, Nuevo Vedado
855-5733
juliopg@cubacontrol.com.cu /alexanderrpr@cubacontrol.com.cu

Servicios de Seguridad Integral, S.A.
SEISA
Calle 10 No 122 esq. 3ra. Miramar, Playa
204-8000 ext 500/505
adelina@seisa.cu / yamilet@seisa.cu

Consultores y Abogados Internacionales
CONABI
Edificio Casa Palacio, Lonja del Comercio, 2J, Calle Lamparilla No. 2, Habana Vieja
8608866 / 8614560 / 8618273
jtorres@conabi.cu

Intercambio Científico Educacional
ICE
Calle 24 No. 116 e/ 1ra. y 3ra., Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
202-2273/203-3221/203-3009
ice@ceniai.inf.cu

Empresa de Diseño y Comercializadora
SEDIS
Calzada de Luyanó No.802 entre Línea del Ferrocarril y López, Luyanó
698-3748 /698-8209 /699-1596
direccion@sedis.cu, sedis@sedis.cu

Bufete de Servicios Especializados
BES
Calle 23 , No 501 esq J. Vedado.
832-6813 / 832-6024 / 835 -3160
nuris.bes@onbc.cu / besnet@ceniai.inf.cu

Empresa de Contratación de Asistencia Técnica
CUBATECNICA
Calle 12 No. 513 e/ 5ta y 7ma, .Miramar, Ciudad de La Habana
202-7455 / 202-3270
zoe@cubatecnica.cu

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecurias " Jorge Dimitrov"
(none)
Carretera Bayamo-Manzanillo Km 16 1/2, Peralejos. Bayamo
48 4267 483254 / 483257 / 483235
mvcisnero@dimitrov.cu/ jlnaranjo@dimitroc.cu

Instituto de Geología y Paleontología
IGP
Vía Blanca No. 1002 e/ Carretera Central y Línea del Ferrocarril, San Miguel del Padrón.
696- 7232 / 696- 7079
bienvenido@igp.gms.minbas.cukenya@igp.gms.minbas.cu

Grupo Hotelero Gran Caribe, S.A.
(none)
Ave. 7ma Nro 4210 e/ 42 y 44 Playa, Ciudad de La Habana
204-0575/ 204-0572
presidencia@grancaribe.gca.tur.cu

Recinto de Exposiciones de Holguín
Expo-Holguín
Avenida de Los Libertadores Nro 144, Holguín
48-2111 / 48-2431
isanchez@expo.holguin.cu/ mcano@expo.holguin.cu

Empresa Nacional de Investigaciones Aplicadas
ENIA
Calle 100 Nro 9107 e/ Vento y 16 Altahabana, Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana, CP 10800
683-4189
valle@enia.co.cu

Centro de Estudios de Tecnologías Avanzadas
CETA
Calle 22 entre 1ra y Mar. Miramar
204-0745
amiranda@ceta.cujae.edu.cu /japerez@ctea.cujae.edu.cu

Grupo de Importación y Exportación de la Oficina Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana
GEI
San Ignacio No. 4 e/ Tejadillo y Chacón .
861-1187 / 863-9892 / 868- 3579-82
maiten@gei.ohc.cu / odilioa@gei.ohc.cu

Empresa de Ferias Agropecuarias
(none)
Ave. Independencia No. 31108 Boyeros. Ciudad de La Habana
57 9002 / 6839077
feria@enet.cu

Empresa de Diseño y Servicios de Ingeniería
IDS
Calle Línea # 8 e/ N y O, Vedado. Ciudad de la Habana
832-6301/ 830-930/ 832- 65 76/78 ext. 104
direccionempresa@empresa.co.cuzulema@empresa.co.cu

Agencia de Viajes ECOTUR, S.A.
ECOTUR, S.A.
Ave. Independencia No. 116 Km. 1 1/2 Esq. Santa Catalina. Cerro
6491055, 6487647
dir_gerencia@mail.ecotur.co.cu

Empresa Comercializadora Integral de Tecnologías Especiales Desarrolladas
Impresos de Seguridad
Calle 23, esquina Giralt Arroyo Naranjo.
696-7271 / 696-7260
marrero@impreso.co.cu

Centro de Histoterapia Placentaria
CHP
Calle 18 No.4302 Entre 42 y 47 Miramar, Playa
202-0603 / 202-0594
chp@infomed.sld.cu coplanta@infomed.sld.cu

Cubamar Viajes, S.A.
Cubamar
Paseo No. 572 e/ 13 y 15, Vedado, Plaza. Ciudad de La Habana.
866-2524 / 866-2523
mayda@cubamarviajes.cu

Empresa de Proyectos Agropecuarios Ciudad de La Habana
ENPA
Conill Esq. Ave. Independencia, Piso 10 Edificio Minag. Plaza
884-7440/884-5493 / 884-5269 / 8845537/8845493
castro@enpa.minag.cu neya@enpa.minag.cu

Banco Exterior de Cuba
BEC
Calle 23 esq a P Vedado. Plaza
838-0950/ 838-0794
rpublicas@bec.co.cu bec@bec.co.cu

INTERAUDIT, S.A.
INTERAUDIT, S.A.
Ave. Zoológico # 72 e/ 36 y Ulloa, Nuevo Vedado, Plaza. Ciudad de la Habana
883-3179
elvira.armada@interaudir.cujoice.arcan@interaudit.cu

Grupo de Seguros y Servicios Financieros de Cuba, S.A.
Grupo Caudal, S.A.
Ave. 43 No. 2210 e/ 22 y 24. Playa. Ciudad de La Habana.
204-8813 al 22
caudal@caudal.cu / juanca@caudal.cu

Aguas de La Habana
Aguas de La Habana
Fomento y Recreo, Reparto Palatino. Cerro. Ciudad de La Habana.
6434950 ext. 216
lcano@ahabana.co.cu / joller@ahabana.co.cu

Empresa de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología
GECYT
Calle 20 No. 4110 E/ 41 y 47 Playa. Ciudad de La Habana
203-0160 / 202-7920
milagros@gecyt.cu / yoanys@gecyt.cu

Centro Internacional de La Habana, S.A.
CIH, S.A.
Calle 20 entre 31 A y 33, Miramar. Playa. Ciudad de La Habana.
204- 2843 /204-1802
cih@cih.cu/ susana@cih.cu

Empresa de Servicios de Ingeniería y Diseño de Granma
(none)
Ave. Frank País, # 46. Rpto: Jesús Menéndez.
42-4114/42-5395
helmer@esid.gecgr.co.cu

Instituto de Geofísica y Astronomía
IGA
Calle 212 No. 2906 e/ 29 y 31, Rpto. La Coronela, Lisa, Ciudad de la Habana
273-9497 / 271- 4331 / 271-0644 /
lpalacio@iga.cu iga@iga rmartin@iga.cu

Empresa Empleadora del Níquel
(none)
Carrtera El Puerto s/n Rolo Monterrey Moa, Holguín
02468205 / 6-2480
ofonseca@cis.moa.minbas.cu

Banco Nacional de Cuba
BNC
Aguiar 456 e/ Lamparilla y Amargura, Habana Vieja, Ciudad de la Habana
8669729 / 8669512 / 8669125
irma@bnc.cu

Empresa de Investigaciones, Proyectos de Ingeniería de Matanzas
(none)
San Vicente Final S/N.
292289 / 292712
direcciongral@eipimz.hidro.cu eipimat@enet.cucomercial@eipimz.hidro.cu

Grupo Empresarial Extrahotelero Palmares S.A.
GEE PALMARES, S.A.
Linea # 60 esq. M, Vedado, Plaza.
836-2187
despacho@gee.palmares.cu

Agencia de Certificación y Consultoría de Seguridad y Protección
ACERPROT
5ta Ave. # 8213 e/ 82 y 84, Miramar, Playa
205-9900 / 205-9753
vladimir@acerprot.co.cu/ josefina@acerprot.co.cu

CUBANACAN EXPRESS, S.A.
(none)
Calzada Manglar No 578 e/ Calzada de Infanta y Retiro
873-6660 /873-6664
dircubex@cubex.tur.cu / comcourier@cubex.tur.cu

Representaciones Platino, S.A.
PLATINO S.A.
Calle 16 No. 504 e/ 9na y 5ta Miramar
204-6349 / 2048853
eddyramos@platino.co.cu / platino@platico.co.cu

Casa Consultora DISAIC
DISAIC
Calzada de Buenos Aires #100 entre Consejero Arango y Leonor, Cerro
877-5976
yovana@disaic.cu / tamargo@disaic.cu

Empresa de Servicios de Aseguramiento de la Calidad
ESAC
Calle 349 No. 18009 e/ 180 y 160 Rpto 1ro. de Mayo, Boyeros.
683-9028 / 683-2057/ 6832058
cristobal@enet.cu / moreira@esac.co.cu /sergio@esac.cu cristobal@enet.cu

Grupo Internacional de Turoperadores y Agencias de Viajes, Havanatur S.A.
HAVANATUR, S.A.
Ave 5ta No.18204 e/ 182 y 184,Reparto Flores.
272-4646 ext 130 / 272 -4646 ext 143
presidencia@havanatur.cu / mayrasa@havanatur.cu

Consultoría Jurídica Internacional, S.A.
(none)
Calle 16 # 314 e/ 3ra y 5ta Avenida, Miramar, Playa
204-2490 / 204-3370 / 204-7746
pavon@cji.cu / bacallao@cji.cu

Zona Especializada de Logística y Comercio, S.A.
ZELCOM, S.A.
Carretera de Berroa, Km 1 Habana del Este.
795-9704/ 795-9137 al 39
mtamara@cimex.com.cu orield@cimex.com.cu

AT Comercial, S.A.
AT Comercial
Ave del Puerto No. 102 e/ Justiz y Obrapía, Habana Vieja.
869-5825 / 866-9848 / 867-0404 ext. 2378
despa_at@gaviota.gav.tur.cualegal_at@gaviota.gav.tur.cu

Empresa Ejecutora de Donativos
EMED
Calle 24 # 111 entre 1ra y 3ra, Miramar
206-5326
secdireccion@donativos.mincex.cu

Corporación ANTEX, S.A.
ANTEX
Edificio La Marina, Avenida del Puerto # 102 esq. Obrapía, Habana Vieja
866-2737/ 866-9897/866-8193
pres@antex.co.cu

Corporación Financiera Azucarera, S.A.
ARCAZ
Calle 41 No. 7212 e/ 70 y 72 Playa
205- 5394-95
mariadelcarmen.dono@arcaz.minaz.cumanuel.fernandez@arcaz.minaz.cu

Grupo Empresarial de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y el Medio Ambiente
INNOMAX
Calle 20 No 4112 e/ 41 y 47.Playa, La Habana.
202-9394/ 2025535
miguelj@innomax.cu lazaro@innomax.cu

Consultores Legales y Agentes de Invenciones y Marcas, S.A.
CLAIM, S.A.
Lamparilla No 2, Lonja del Comercio, Planta baja, Oficina G, Habana Vieja
866-0755 / 866 0743
presidencia@claim.com.cu

Museo Nacional de la Historia Natural de Cuba
MNHN
Obispo 61 entree Oficios y Baratillo Habana Vieja
863-9361/ 863-9370/ 863-1268
economia@mnhnc.inf.cu

Empresa de Correos de Cuba
ECC
Calzada de Vento Km. 3 ½ entre Camaguey y Línea del Ferrocarril. Cerro
646-4666 /64646-74
despacho@ecc.cu

Banco de Inversiones, S.A.
(none)
5ta esquina a 68, 6802, Miramar, Playa
204-3373 / 204-3374
inversiones@bdi.cu, sandro@bdi.cu

Empresa Prácticos de Puertos de la República de Cuba
Prácticos de Cuba
San Pedro #1, espigón Sierra Maestra Nº 2 Habana Vieja
862-9270 / 862-1840 / 866-8338
prado@epp.trasnet.cu / yaderyn@epp.trasnet.cu

Centro de Información y Gestión Tecnológica de Santiago de Cuba
MEGACEN
Rosado # 459 entre San Gerónimo y Enramada, Santiago
65-1308 / 62-7402/ 62-8291
zoe@megacen.ciges.inf.cu

Empresa de Servicios de Ingeniería Nº 3
ESI # 3
Calle 13 No. 8209 E/ 82 y 84. Playa.
206-8033 / 206- 7749
direccion@esitres.netcons.com.cujorge@esitres.netcons.com.cu

Centro de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas
CIME
Ave. 51 # 23611, esquina a 240, SanAgustín
262-8780 - 84
omar.nieves@magcime.cu /alexander.leyva@magcime.cu

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Metrología
INIMET
Consulado # 206 entre Ánimas y Trocadero Centro Habana
862-0536/ 862-3041-43 / 863- 8802
direccion@inimet.cu maidique@inimet.cu

Empresa Habana Inmuebles
HINES
Desamparados # 201, Habana Vieja.
861-7685 / 862-6057 866-2848
sec-ejecutiva@hines.transnet.cu marcia@hines.cudircomercial@hines.transnet.cu

Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática
IES
Carretera de Varona, km 3 1/2, Capdevila, Boyeros
643-8088 / 643-8780 / 643-8266
direccion.ies@ama.cu

Empresa Provincial de Mantenimiento y Reparación de Ascensores
UNISA
Ánimas # 459 entre Manrique y San Nicolás, Centro Habana
862 -3021 / 23
feyt@unisa.ch.gov.cu / comercial@unisa.ch.gov.cu

Gilmar Project, S.A.
GILMAR PROJECT, S.A.
Calle2 Nº 115 e/ 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, Playa
204-1752
gilmar@compunet.co.cu

Centro de Ingeniería e Investigaciones Químicas
CIIQ
Vía Blanca E/ Infanta y Palatino. Cerro
648 9188 - 92
escsdrnsjur@ciiq.minbas.cu / ciiqdir@ciiq.minbas.cu

Parque Zoológico Nacional de Cuba
PZN
Carretera Varona Km 3 1/2 Cadevila Boyeros
683-8054
pzn@ceniai.inf.cu

Consultoría Económica CANEC, S.A.
CANEC, S.A.
Calle C Nº5 e/ 1ra y 3ra, Vedado
836-9000 / 836-9009
descirector@canec.co.cu /mercadotecnia@canec.co.cu

Unidad Presupuestada Inversionista Oficina del Historiador de La Habana
UPI-OHCH
Amargura 68 e/ San Ignacio y Mercaderes, Habana Vieja
860-8881 al 89 / 862-9540 /86-4203
yamel@upi.ohc.cu/ johannag@upi.ohc.cu/klarissa@upi.ohc.cu

Grupo Empresarial del Ministerio de Educación Superior
GEMES
San Miguel # 1111 e/ Mazón y Basarrate. Plaza
878-4991 y 92/ 876- 4566
loly@gemes.co.cu / carmita@gemes.co.cu

Empresa de Investigaciones y Proyectos Hidráulicos de Villa Clara
EIPH
Ave Libertadores No 201 entre Jesús Menéndez y Danielito Santa Clara
20-2330
willian@iphvc.hidro.cu

Empresa Provincial de Seguridad y Protección del Consejo de Administración Provincial
SEPRO HOLGUÍN
NARCISO LOPEZ NO. 112 ENTRE ARIAS Y AGRAMONTE
46-1660 / 47-4074
no tiene

Centro de Investigaciones Psicológicas y Sociológicas
CIPS
Calle 15 esq. B No. 352 Vedado
830-1451 / 833-5366 / 833-7787
cips@cips.cu midominguez@ceniai.inf.cu

Empresa de Soluciones Mecánicas de Cienfuegos
SOMEC
Avenida 56 No 5106, Entre 51 y 53 Cienfuegos
(43)55-02 73
silvia@somec.co.cu / h.eduardo@somecfg.co.cu

Empresa de Investigaciones y Proyectos Hidráulicos de Santiago de Cuba
EIPH Santiago de Cuba
Ave Las Américas s/n Frente Micro-7 Distrito José Martí Santiago de Cuba
634217 / 632928 / 632927
idarmis@egeas.hidro.cu

Comercial Take Off S.A.
CTO
Calle 15 No. 654 e/ A y B. Vedado C. Habana
833- 3626-28
pre@takeoff.avianet.cupablo.moreno@takeoff.avianet.cu

Empresa de Servicios de Ingeniería de Santiago de Cuba
ESI
Av. Victoriano Garzón No. 61, esq. Carretera Central
(022) 65 1189 /65-7475, 65
matamoros@escopas.codesa.co.cu

Empresa de Talleres de Cienfuegos
ESECT
Carretera O´Bourque Km 2 y medio. Zona Industrial No. 2, Cienfuegos
51 1528/ 51 2032 / 55 2300
director@eseec.co.cu

Empresa Geocuba Villa Clara Sancti Spíritus
(none)
Carretera Central No. 58 Esq. Toscano. Santa Clara
042- 202625 / 206672
bilma@vclgeocuba.cu

Agencia de Energía Nuclear y Tecnologías de Avanzada
AENTA
Calle 20 No. 4709 e/ 47 y 18 A,
202-2529 / 206-2754
santana@aen.energia.inf.cu / jld@aen.energia.inf.cu

Empresa de Servicios a la Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente
SERVICITMA
Calle 18 A No. 4126 esq. 47. Miramar
202-7885 /203-0037/ 206-7799
dgsegen@ceniai.inf.cu yamile@gesegen.cujestrada@gesegen.cu

Empresa Cubana de Aeropuertos y Servicios Aeronáuticos, S.A
ECASA, S.A
Ave. Independencia km 15 1/2, e/ Van Troi y 343
649- 5137
franco@ecasa.avianet.cu / urda@ecasa.avianet.cu

Empresa Estatal Socialista GEOCUBA La Habana
GEOCUBA La Habana
Loma y 39. Nuevo Vedado
881- 6942 / 881- 7088
pascual@geosi.geocuba.cu/marzuaga@geosi.geocuba.cu

Empresa de Ingeniería y Servicios de Desmantelamiento
ISDE
Infanta No.60 e/ P y 25
836 8887/ 836 5158
delgado@isde.co.cu / evelio@isde.co.cu /calberto@isde.co.cu

Empresa Mixta Comercializadora D´Leone S.A
D´Leone S.A
Lamparilla No.2, Edificio Lonja del Comercio, 5to. Piso, Oficina C
860-9879 / 860-9880
gerencia@dleone.ohc.cu comercial@dleone.ohc.cusecretaria@dleone.ohc.cu

Centro de Investigación de la Energía Solar de Santiago de Cuba
CIES
Reparto Abel Santamaría, km 5 1/2, Carretera Siboney, Stgo de Cuba
67- 1131/ 67-5073/ 67-2689
rramos@cies.ciges.inf.cu / erivera@cies.inf.cu

Banco Metropolitano S.A
BANMET
O`Reilly No. 402 e/ Compostela y Aguacate
878-7766
relacionespublicas@banmet.cu

Empresa de Impresiones Directas y Offset
GIDO
San Indalecio No. 162 entre Via Blanca y Tamarindo
641-6587 / 640-5712
sergio@gido.transnet.cu gido@transnet.cu,magdagido@trnsnet.cu

Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado
CNEA
Ave. Las Américas e/ Calle L y Calle I, Reparto Ampliación de Terrazas
(22)646378/ 646380/ 643721
monica@cnea.uo.edu.cu

Empresa de Gestión Informática y las Comunicaciones, GESEI
GESEI
Infanta No 16 e/ 23 y Humbolt, Vedado.
838-0436 / 838-1579
jacky@gesei.cu / nora@gesei.cu

Empresa de Servicios Tecnológicos
CTEC
Reina No. 410 e/ Gervasio Y Escobar.
862-1230 / 863-1288 /862-1276
jsuarez@ctec.cu / pijuan@ctec.cu /mcuenca@ctec.cu

Empresa Geocuba Oriente Sur
(none)
Serafín Sánchez, Reparto 30 de noviembre.
0122 648737 /6488747/ 648313
mkt@santiago.geocuba.cu

Empresa de Servicios Ingenieros para la Dirección Intengrada de Proyectos Mariel, ESI DIP Mariel
ESI DIP Mariel
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The bureaucratic imperative: economic and political challenges to Cuban socialism in the early 21st century

 

Anton L. Allahar (The University of Western Ontario)

Nelson P. Valdés (University of New Mexico)

[The authors appreciate the permission of the CLR James Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1 & 2, Fall 2013 to reproduce a portion of this essay].

Introduction

This essay represents an attempt to understand the political and the economic challenges faced by the Cuban Revolution in the topsy-turvy context of world-changing events that began with the fall of the USSR right up to the continuing fall-out from the 2008 financial crisis of capitalism that affected, and continues to affect all countries of the world, including those like Cuba that are not formally part of the market system. This is the protracted and uneven process known as the Special Period in Cuba, which has tested the mettle and the resolve of the Cubans to safeguard the gains of their revolution. As is stated in Article #129 of the Cuban Communist Party Draft Economic and Social Policy Guidelines that were adopted at the Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in April 2011, the government will “continue preserving the achievements of the Revolution, such as access to medical attention, education, culture, sports, recreation, retirement pensions and social security for those who need it” (Cuban Communist Party, 2010).

However, with the emergence of Cuba’s tourist sector as the largest single generator of the country’s foreign exchange, and with its tourists drawn overwhelmingly from the capitalist countries of western Europe and North America (more Canada and Mexico, but still with some from the U.S.), it is understandable that Cuba’s economic fortunes would be tied directly to the economic conditions obtaining in those countries. And given the fact that at its closest point Cuba is a mere 90 miles from the U.S., that there are about 2 million Cuban-Americans, that remittances by these to Cuba are in the billions of dollars, and that there is a vigorous, on-going exchange of ideas, attitudes, values and beliefs between the two populations, most changes inside Cuba will understandably be framed by their proximity to their northern neighbour. In the final analysis, however, those changes will be orchestrated by the Cubans in Cuba themselves.

As Nelson Valdés has written, the differences between liberal and conservative opponents of the Revolution in the U.S. are “not founded on their having different aims, but in their putting forward of alternative methods for obtaining the same end.... Both defend the unfounded premise that the future of Cuba will be determined from outside” (Valdés, 1997: 101). In what follows, then, we attempt to situate those changes theoretically and sociologically in a discussion of bureaucracy and its dysfunctions as we assess the far-reaching implications of the above-mentioned policy guidelines (Cuban Communist Party Draft Economic and Social Policy Guidelines – ESPG) that were adopted in April 2011. It should be pointed out at the start, however, that the guidelines in question are not terribly new; they are a continuation of debates, policies and strategies that have been imaginatively essayed by the Cubans as they have sought to chart the course of building socialism in a small country in the modern age of global capitalism.

Revolution is about constant change

In the purest sense of the dialectic, revolution is about contradiction, change, advances, reversals, and even periodic stagnation. Revolutions produce as many romantics as they produce reactionaries, and the socialist revolution in Cuba is no exception. Thus, in the appendix of C.L.R. James’ Marxism for our times, almost 10 years into the Cuban Revolution, Martin Glaberman wrote cautiously about Cuban socialism:

A genuine exchange exists between those who are leading Cuban society and those who make up the basis for the society, and within that framework it is not a matter of saying Cuba is a socialist society or Cuba is not a socialist society. It is possible to say Cuba is developing in a direction, to the extent that it can, of building a socialist society, but that the building of that society is possible only in the framework of the transformation of the industrialized world (1999:190).

That is, given the economic interdependence of our world today, it is not possible to think of any country that is completely independent for that interdependence ensures that changes in one will ramify into the others. But this is not new, for even back in 1867, when preparing the preface to the first edition of Capital, Marx held to the view that the penetration of capital into the backward countries served the purpose of creating a world after its own image. Betraying positivistic sentiments, he wrote that “the natural laws of capitalist production” worked with “iron necessity towards inevitable results,” and concluded: “The country that is more developed industrially, only shows to the less developed, the image of its own future” (Capital, Vol.1: 8-9). And Lenin too , writing some 50 years later in 1916, shared this belief when he stated that “[t]he export of capital affects and greatly accelerates the development of those countries to which it is exported” (1966: 76). Following this line of reasoning about our interdependent global reality, and though they definitely cannot be left out of the equation, the fortunes of Cuban socialism will clearly not be determined by the Cubans alone.

For Glaberman, however, the main threat to the construction of genuine socialism lay in the bureaucratization of the revolution and the alienation of the masses from direct input into the governing of their own society. But he was optimistic about Cuba and in 1968 wrote that: “...I believe you have in Cuba, for example, a broad participation from below” (1999: 189). The idea was that the bulk of the workers and peasants were able to have their thoughts and ideas listened to and taken seriously by their leaders, and where possible, incorporated into policy. The leaders had not been converted into professional bureaucrats, had retained contact with the masses, and encouraged broad participation from below. But Glaberman was very careful to note that unless socialism took hold in other countries it may not have been possible to control the bureaucratic imperative that so distorted the socialist project in the USSR and that could also derail the plans for constructing socialism in Cuba:

...ultimately, if [socialist] revolutions do no take place in North America and in Europe, then it is impossible, no matter what the participation, to prevent the development of bureaucracy, of planning from above, of trying to lift the nation up in spite of its citizens .... (1999:190).

He was convinced that Cuba needed allies, especially geographically close allies, if it were to avoid the pitfalls of bureaucratization that, as in the USSR, would alienate and disenfranchise the bulk of the working people. As C.L.R. James wrote in the context of Stalinist Russia: “By a remorseless logic, therefore, representation of the proletariat turns into its opposite, administration over the proletariat” (1969:94). And with respect to needing allies Glaberman was correct, for after fifty years of isolation as the only socialist country in the western hemisphere, military invasions, political subversions and economic blockades have definitely coloured the course of Cuban socialism (Allahar, 2001). On this score, Glaberman sounded a note of pessimism: “Socialism in one country is impossible, and if it was impossible in a country as huge and with as many resources as the Soviet Union, it sure is impossible on as small an island as Cuba” (1999: 189). Yet the Cuban Revolution continues with all the dialectical contradictions, changes, reversals and triumphs that define the nature of revolutions everywhere. And mindful of the lessons from the Soviet Union and the pitfalls of bureaucratic corruption and alienation, on September 3, 1970, Fidel Castro made a declaration that he would repeat many times in the years ahead: “If socialism is not controlled by the masses it fails, because socialism must work for the masses and all problems can be solved only by the masses ... Without the masses socialism loses the battle; it bureaucratizes itself” (Castro quoted in Valdés, 1979: 23).

Market socialism

So what do the recent “Policy Guidelines” (ESPG) adopted by the PCC tell us about the continuing Cuban Revolution and its ongoing efforts at constructing socialism in a world that is hostile to it?

History has shown that market socialist economies can be highly effective in fostering economic growth and reducing poverty....the only sustainable reform option available to the Cuban policymakers is a radical one, centered around a systemic shift from state socialism to a nationally suitable form of market socialism (Gabriele, 2011:648).

Although we do not particularly like the ideologically laden term ‘market socialism,’ we will employ it here given its widespread use in the literature. The rise of China as a global superpower has increased the Chinese presence in the Caribbean and especially in Cuba, which is in debt to China to the tune of several billions of dollars (Plummer, 2011). And just as many puzzle over the Chinese communist embrace of market relations and question whether the Chinese economy can really be called socialist or communist, it is clear that “officials in Beijing now preside over an economy that exemplifies ‘socialism with Chinese characteristics’ – in other words, a state-led, market oriented system that is communist in name only” (Ibid). Given the close economic relations between China and Cuba, and as the ESPG reforms in Cuba are more fully vented, one wonders whether the Cubans themselves would soon announce that their economy is still firmly socialist, albeit ‘with Cuban characteristics!’ After all, it was Fidel himself who said that “the Cuban model doesn’t even work for us anymore” (Goldberg, 2010), and it is that model that the ESPG addresses.

While the recent economic reforms have no intention of changing the political system, it is clear that they will have important political consequences. The former have the avowed intention of increasing efficiency, rationality and productivity in all sectors without necessarily increasing wages (Hoffman, 2010:2). Indeed, labor costs are to be reduced by doing away with redundancy and ineffective labourers, a process that envisages the re-deployment of up to 1 million workers over the next 5 years or so. It is hoped that a significant number of these will be absorbed in the newly created private sector of self-employment, small business entrepreneurs and agriculture. With respect to the latter, because Cuba does not produce enough food to feed its people at the moment a priority has been assigned to agricultural and food production. This move to make socialism more ‘efficient’ means that the reforms will have numerous economic and social outcomes, some anticipated and others not. What is certain, however, is that everyone will be touched in some form or fashion.

The national government has begun to spearhead several changes beginning with the transfer of various national enterprises to the provincial and municipal levels. This will be accomplished by a process of decentralization in favour of smaller units at lower levels and local governments will have the power to generate their own revenues and make decisions that in the past were centralized at the federal level. Economic enterprises, whether state, private or mixed, will enjoy financial and administrative autonomy, and cooperatives will eventually play a much more important role than at any other time in the history of the revolution.

Overall, the so called cálculo económico financial system will replace the budgetary system of finance that had been dominant in many state enterprises. Efficiency (bureaucracy) would be measured on the basis of financial profitability as the new emerging economic model foresees different economic organizations existing side by side: small, private entrepreneurs, cooperatives, small farmers, usufruct producers, renters, state enterprises, mixed enterprises and foreign investors. They will also interact with one another in numerous and different ways. If one market is regulated or planned, another will not be, but just how those markets interconnect and operate remains to be determined (Balari, 2012).

Some concrete examples of the changes

As noted, there will be a reduction of state employment variously called ‘reajuste laboral’ or ‘reordenamiento laboral,’ meaning the doing away with approximately 1.8 million jobs. The process started in 2010 in almost all state ministries and enterprises. Of particular importance was the reduction of personnel in the ministries of the sugar industry, now turned into a sort of holding company with each sugar mill transformed into a separate enterprise. A similar fate has befallen to agriculture, construction, health and tourism. The truth is that a secure state job is no longer a right. Further, workers’ cafeterias with subsidized meals have been abolished (or, if kept open, their prices have increased), unemployment benefits have been curtailed to a set number of months, and wages and salaries will be frozen for the time being without prejudice to workers’ rights (Valdes, 2012).

Although the foreign press and many academics outside the country gleefully foresee an emerging capitalism and an embrace of neo-liberal policies, the worker’s movement has proclaimed the imperative necessity of ‘preserving and perfecting socialism.’ Yet abroad numerous commentators fix their attention on the growing self-employed private worker/entrepreneur, which they welcome as a return of capitalism through the back door. The growth (in thousands) in this sector self-employed workers has been as follows:

November 2009: 143,800

July 2011: 325,947

April 2011: 309,728

April 2012: 360,000

Further, the number of occupations permitted under self-employed increased, although slowly. So by July 2011 there were just 181 occupations but the type of work continues to increase as a result of the pressure from the population. Not foreseen just a year ago, but now permitted are real estate managers and facilitators, insurance agents, collectives for doing taxes, and collectives of mechanics, among many others.

Workers’ attitudes

At times, the workers have been blamed by the mass media and by some officials for low labor productivity. The logic seems to be that the problem is due to the absence of organizational know-how, lack of labor discipline, too little administrative demands, and insufficient control of the work process. There are also claims that workers have become cynical and alienated and have lost their work ethic since they do not see a relationship between production and consumption. The result is that the very workers have developed a mentality of entitlement leading some within the Communist party to charge that the state has been too paternalistic and too committed to across the board egalitarianism.

In the Granma newspaper of October 11, 2009, the editor, Lázaro Barredo, stated that Cuba confronted four different ‘syndromes’ that affect the country’s economy. He outlined them as follows:

1-. The baby chick syndrome: always with the mouth open. This is due to the fact that the social system was designed ‘to give hand-outs’ not for people to earn or to make things. For example, one goes to the shop to collect rations that are owed to one, or one does not repair one’s house because the materials are not available from the state.

2-. The volleyball syndrome: we are been taught how to jump and hit the ball into the other court, since supposedly the majority of issues we face are not our problems but the problems of ‘the other.’

3-. The ostrich syndrome: we have become accustomed to burying our heads in the hole in order not to see problems nor to act with all our energy and innovative force against routine and negative habits.

4-. The obstacle syndrome: it is not possible to effect the transformation of the economy and the satisfaction of basic needs in a month, but some would like that to be the case, although as soon as they encounter the first obstacle they pull back or hope others would solve it.

Some other openings or improvements stemming from the ESPG can be seen in the paladares (private restaurants at someone’s home) that could now have up to 50 clients at the same time (up from 12 three years ago). Further, anyone who employs up to 5 persons will not pay taxes for a year. However, it should be noted that the present arrangement has outstripped the legal system so the Cuban constitution will need revision since Article 21 does not permit the private employment of workers. And reflecting the poor availability of public transportation and housing, an additional incentive to the self-employed has been the reduction of taxes to private transportation and the renting of homes and rooms to Cubans and/or foreigners. There are also proposals to allow human capital, i.e., Cuban professionals like engineers, architects and others, to ‘link themselves to global production chains’ where they will be paid by international standards and ostensibly will be taxed locally too. One requirement here is that there will have to be the opening up of public access to the Internet.

The market and money

The emerging economic model is one in which the capacity to purchase will determine who has access to goods. The process began with opening the tourism sector to any Cuban who can pay in foreign exchange; then it moved into cell phones, telephones, and computer supplies. Slowly but surely the ‘law of value’ has gained footing in the new Cuban economy. For example, since November 2011 one can purchase a used car, a house or apartment, and the state now also rents space to private entrepreneurs. This is crucial for the housing shortage is certainly one of the most pressing problems the society confronts. With the new changes one can now build a private home, something not allowed since the 1960s, and privately organized building crews can now be legally hired. Furthermore, on March 25, 2011, the Council of Ministers decided that private producers and self-employed could sell their products and services to the state, and they will also be eligible to receive state loans to help them initiate such operations. In addition, financial credit and new bank services are now offered to private entrepreneurs, agricultural coops and other non-state enterprises. The credit could finance private construction of housing, purchasing of housing materials or any other input necessary to start and carry on new businesses.¹ And finally, the market for the sale and purchase of dollars and euros has been opened and banks now offer the free exchange of foreign currency to Cubans and foreigners.

The elimination of subsidies has not only been limited to the state employed labour force for many food products have been subsidized by the state since 1962 (Hoffman, 2010). Access to food was not previously a function of income, but Cuba does not produce enough food to feed its people. The island spends over $1 billion dollars purchasing food abroad, but consumers do not pay that amount. Presently, the amount of food distributed through the subsidized ration book covers about 10 days so the rest has to be purchased at higher prices. Indeed, since 1993 access to food supplies became ever more stratified, particularly as a result of the foreign remittances that were permitted since July 1993. Since that time the subsidies remained regardless of the income of each household, but the new objective is progressively to eliminate subsidized food to those who can afford to pay for it and only to subsidize certain targeted groups.

Re-stratification

Of course these changes will have implications for social equality as all of Cuba is going through a process of re-stratification owing to a number of factors. One is what the average Cuban calls “FÉ” or ‘faith,’ playing on the idea of Familia en el Extranjero (family living abroad), who send home remittances. For the family that receives remittances, or that has a member who is self-employed might do much better than someone working for the state. The latter case in point is that of the private farmers who are becoming quite comfortable and some even wealthy. Due to shortage of agricultural products and the fact that now it is possible to sell in the open market, including to foreign hotels, private farmers are able to accumulate capital and even to buy big homes or even scarce mansions. But the real extent of the re-stratification is difficult to ascertain for it has been estimated that for every 1 registered self-employed person there are 3 others who have not done the paperwork to be recognized by the state. In a sense the dynamics of the private sector is forcing the state to adjust and adapt to the new emerging sectors. That means that new occupations are legalized, ex post facto. And the number of employees that a private employer can hire continues to change on the basis of demand.²

A major shift away from state enterprises opens up the Cuban economy and the society to a greater diversity of economic actors and it also means that the society is becoming ever more complex. It may be said that Cuba is returning to what it was before March 1968, but with a difference: the role of cooperatives will increase, taking on the tasks that neither the self-employed nor the state can perform. The greater the diversity of the economic system, the greater the necessity to recognize those new players in the society and the political system. So what does this mean for the future? Is Cuba’s economy returning to that of a dependent capitalist, neo-liberal phase? We do not think so. The Cubans are struggling with the problems of socialism that are compounded by the problems of an aggressive foreign imperialism (Allahar, 1998) aided by an inexorable process of globalization. Obviously the Cubans will not return to the pre-1959 days but the demise of the USSR, the continuing US economic blockade and the world financial crisis are best understood if we heed Marx’s comments on the debate concerning the building of a socialist society:

“No social order is ever destroyed before all the productive forces for which it is sufficient have been developed, and new superior relations of production never replace older ones before the material conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of that old society itself” (Marx, 1970: 21).

At the same time the Cuban leadership and the people need to recognize the economic limitations of trying to construct socialism in a world that is hostile to it. But they need to do so without illusions and without adopting a set of facile state capitalist methods under the guidance of the Communist party. Cuba has the conditions, especially its rich and excellent  human capital resources [particularly in education, health care and alternative energy], its fertile agricultural lands, its unsurpassed beaches and forests, not to mention its world famous cigars, rums and musicians, to develop other relations of production within the context of a socialist morality and economy. This includes greater reliance on mixed state enterprises in which the labour unions play a significant leading role as well as joint ventures with foreign capital. In conjunction with this they are set to organize cooperatives involved in production, services and consumption at the municipal and state levels. And there has to be as much transparency in the state enterprises that, though run like capitalist corporations and controlled by appointed individuals through stock options (acciones nominativas)*, are in fact the people’s property and consequently should be required to report to elected officials and to the general public. Beyond the ideological distractions, then, the way forward lies in the direction of the mixed economy, and the central challenge to government and lay Cubans alike, is how to execute the plan while still respecting the socialist principle of ‘from each according to his/her ability and to each according to his/her need.’

Historical and political context

But let us step back for a moment to situate the challenge historically. In the mid-1980s, as the economy of the Soviet Union began to falter, political dissension came to the surface, and it was evident that major changes were on the way. Swiftly the Gorbachev government attempted to come to terms with internal problems that stemmed from many sources: over bureaucratization, waste, corruption, theft, inefficiency, low productivity, a generalized sense of worker entitlement, alcoholism, worker absenteeism and other social, economic and political ills. To remedy these shortcomings at the federal level, the government promoted a strategy known as perestroika or ‘restructuring’ that was accompanied by a policy of glasnost or ‘transparency’ in social and economic dealings. Both perestroika and glasnost were aimed at countering mindless bureaucracy, secrecy and the concealment of corruption and inefficiency among government apparatchiks that in many ways was the heritage of Stalinism and state capitalism (Lenin, 1972; James, 1969; 1972), and that witnessed the progressive alienation and displacement of workers from meaningful participation in their own revolution. More specifically, responding to already-existing strains and tensions within Soviet society, perestroika, on the one hand, allowed for more decentralization of official actions, afforded some measure of independence in decision making at the ministerial level, and permitted limited market-like reforms. And on the other hand, glasnost pursued such things as freedom of speech, independence of the media, and the lifting of censorship of the public voice. In retrospect, however, although this all contributed to the ultimate demise of the USSR, that was but an unintended consequence of the government’s actions, for the dismantling of socialism was never the intention of the reformers.

Not long after (early1986), finding itself in a similar economic predicament, the people of Cuba entered the above-mentioned Special Period of major scarcity of household goods, whether food, electricity or gasoline, unreliability of service delivery that saw frequent black-outs and planned brown-outs, low energy supplies, transportation paralysis, government fiscal restraint, worker and enterprise inefficiency and much more. In response, the government of Cuba implemented its own versions of perestroika, known as rectificación or ‘rectification,’ and glasnost, known as apertura or ‘openness.’ These measures heralded the changes that have marked the last two decades in Cuba, and were at the base of the 291 policy guidelines (lineamientos) debated and adopted at the Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in April 2011. The directing motive of the lineamientos was (a) to avoid making the same mistakes that served to undo the USSR, and (b) to respond in a timely and decisive manner to the unique challenges faced by Cuba, not only in a post-Soviet world, but in a world that is witnessing a full-blown crisis of capitalism.

As far as political changes and challenges go, the Cuban government has essayed a number of reforms aimed at eliminating bureaucratization, inefficiency and corruption, at replacing old ideas and practices with the inputs from newer and younger minds, improving attitudes to work and attempting to redefine the nature of socialist politics in the new millennium. In economic terms the Special Period occasioned all kinds of personal, inventive measures by ordinary Cubans as they tried to cope with scarcities of daily consumer items such as food staples, building materials, power shortages and scarcity of oil and gas. Then there were the attempts of the government to cope with the economic problems that stem both from the consequences of the continuing economic blockade as well as from the effects of flawed socialist planning domestically. These are all to be weighed in the context of the decisions made at the recently-concluded Sixth Party Congress that are aimed at stamping out cronyism, reducing waste and duplication of effort, increasing rationalization of production units, improving efficiency of state enterprises, and changing general attitudes to work and life in a socialist country–improving professionalism. Taken as a whole it speaks to what some have called the new socialist market economy, which though ruling out large-scale market reforms, appears committed to some degree of embrace of market relations.

As noted above, among other things, ordinary Cubans are now going to be faced with the specter of decreasing state provision of guaranteed jobs, wages and subsidies, and the implementation of a personal income tax system. Thus, Article #57 of the ESPG speaks to the implementation of a progressive income taxation system: “The tax system will be based on the principles of universality and equity with regard to the tax burden. There will be higher taxes on higher incomes to contribute to the mitigation of inequality” (Cuban Communist Party, 2010). And Article #161 speaks of the need to “[s]trengthen wages” and “to reduce unnecessary gratuities and excessive personal subsidies” (Ibid). Together with this, there will be an increasing involvement in market transactions, self-employment and overall economic self-sufficiency, which are not inimical to the construction of socialism. After all, “[n]owhere did Marx, Engels or Russian revolutionary V.I. Lenin argue that self-employment and small-scale private and cooperative enterprise are incompatible with progress towards socialism,” and by the same token the “notion that building socialism requires state ownership and management of almost the entire economy was born of Stalinist totalitarianism” (Cameron, 2012) and should not be used to measure the Cuban Revolution. This is an important point since “an expanded small-scale private and cooperative sector ... is projected to embrace almost half the workforce by 2015” (Ibid). Thus, as the preamble to the ESPG states, the aim is to:

Eliminate ‘inflated payrolls’ in all economic sectors and restructure employment, including through non-state formulas, applying a labour and salary policy for surplus workers that eliminates paternalistic procedures; increase labour productivity, elevating discipline and the stimulus of salaries and bonuses, eliminating egalitarianism in the mechanisms of income distribution and redistribution. As part of this process, it will be necessary to remove unnecessary gratuities and excessive personal subsidies (Cuban Communist Party, 2010).

Thus, as the world financial and economic crisis has deepened, the old debate in Cuba that pitted moral incentives against material incentives seems to have been settled in favour of the latter, and as we will see, this leads us to what is a quite straightforward question: is Cuba embracing neo-liberalism by another name, or are these socialist measures meant to address the problems of constructing socialism in a world that is hostile to it? As will become clear, we are more aligned with the latter position whereby the government seeks to lease small productive and service entities to private self-employed individuals who would execute such operations as small in-home restaurants, bakeries, barber shops and beauty salons, watch, bike and auto repair shops and even cooperatives of all sorts. At the same time, ownership of these premises would remain social and in the hands of local or municipal bodies. Together, these bodies and the overall Cuban state will regulate the leased entities in question to ensure that they operate according to the dictates of socialism and not lose sight of their primary social obligation to serve the people. But as Marce Cameron points out, the overall responsibility for running these enterprises “passes from the state to their workers, who operate them in a competitive environment where prices are set by the market rather than central planning” (Cameron, 2012).

Further, in prioritizing basic needs and goals, the government singles out food production and the need for agricultural transformations, as well as the need to use land more efficiently and productively, and to reduce the food import bill. To this end the ESPG recommends “The handing out of unused state farmland in usufruct aimed to boost food production and reduce imports” (Preamble, Cuban Communist Party, 2010). And following this, Article #170 speaks of the need to adjust “agricultural food production to demand and the transformation of commercialization,” to the plan to “limit centralized distribution,” and to the desire to “give a more active role to market mechanisms” (Ibid). In one interpretation this may be seen as going against the communist grain and the ideals enunciated by Ché Guevara, who was determined to eliminate material incentives (market relations) and the capitalist profit motive from all social commerce (Valdés, 1979: 15).

Apart from this, and looming ever-threateningly in the background is the specter of bureaucracy or bureaucratization that both Lenin (1972) and James (1968;1972) felt was at the base of Stalinism that warped and derailed the promise of Soviet socialism into state capitalism. But in order to make the case more clear we will draw a fuller picture of the bureaucratic phenomenon, and to do so we will summarize the classical sociological statements on this question. On the proposed changes it is best to let the Cuban government speak for itself regarding the new economic management model, which specifies the need to stimulate:

along with the state socialist enterprises, which is the principal form of the national economy – mixed capital enterprises, cooperatives, lessors of state-owned land in usufruct, lessors of state facilities, self-employed workers and other forms which may contribute to increasing the efficiency of social labour (Preamble, Cuban Communist Party, 2010).

But care is taken to note that private property will not be recognized: “In the new forms of non-state management, the concentration of ownership in legal or natural entities shall not be permitted” (Ibid). According to the model, the short-term goals include the elimination of the balance of payments deficit, enhanced flows of external income, active import substitution, and increased “economic efficiency, work motivation and income distribution.” The long-term goals, on the other hand, are aimed at developing “food and energy self-sufficiency, an efficient use of human potential, a higher level of competitiveness ... and the development of new forms of production” (Cuban Communist Party, 2010).

Bureaucracy

For Max Weber bureaucratic organization was something of a necessary evil. As communities and societies grew larger the need for a ‘body’ or ‘mechanism’ to administer goods and services to the public in a fair and equitable manner necessitated the development of standardized ways of dealing with that public. This task has often fallen to ‘government’ and most of the time when one speaks of bureaucracy, one thinks of ‘government bureaucracy’ and ‘red tape.’ Bureaucratic dealings are premised on the removal of personalism, nepotism and favouritism from any consideration having to do with the exchange of public resources or funds. This covers exchange of payment of all sorts, of job sinecures, special privileges, and even of personal protection from prosecution. Bureaucracy prides itself on its ability to discharge the public’s business objectively and dispassionately.

Because “[t]he chief merit of bureaucracy is its technical efficiency, with a premium placed on precision, speed, expert control, continuity, discretion, and optimal returns on input” (Merton, 1968:250), the bureaucrat conducts official affairs “precisely, unambiguously, continuously, and with as much speed as possible.” And with specific regard to objectivity, Weber even goes on to add that “calculable rules” are an intrinsic part of this form of organization: “Bureaucracy develops the more perfectly, the more it is ‘dehumanized,’ the more completely it succeeds in eliminating from official business love, hatred, and all purely personal, irrational, and emotional elements which escape calculation” (Weber, 1978:974-975). As will be appreciated, then, bureaucracy is the antithesis of spontaneity and this picture grates against the popular image associated with the passion, effervescence and improvisational inventiveness of the Cuban revolutionary. Hence, during the early years of the Revolution, on the question of bureaucracy Ché Guevara and his followers evinced both a rational apprehension about the necessary evil of bureaucracy, as well as a healthy naivete in proposing a solution to the problem of its growth and expansion. As Valdés notes, “because the technocratic sector would become too influential, powerful, and separated from the population at large,” that sector had to be reined in, thus, a three-pronged attack was devised: (a) reduce the numerical strength of the non-revolutionary bureaucrats and technocrats, (b) develop and strengthen the powers of the Communist Party as the watchdog against bureaucratic excesses or abuses, and (c) train certain committed and morally conscious revolutionaries to carry out the necessary bureaucratic tasks while not losing sight of the socialist and communist goals of the Revolution (1979:16).

In its initial approach to the problem of bureaucratization the revolutionary government focused mainly on the seemingly large number of idle, white collar, office workers. But as time passed attention was directed, not at the minor clerical functionaries, but at the top bureaucrats, who, based on their monopolization of technical knowledge of different sorts, wielded considerable decision making powers. In the mid-nineteen sixties, therefore, Fidel would define “bureaucratism as a manifestation of the petty-bourgeois spirit inside the proletarian state” (Valdés, 1979:20), and in a speech of January 2, 1965, he would later elaborate: “In the political mentality of a petty bourgeois there is no other type of revolution than a bureaucratic revolution; in the petty bourgeois mentality one can do without the masses” (Ibid). Not long after “a full blown anti-bureaucratic war was declared. Technocratic views were discarded, and mass mobilizations exhalted. The revolutionary leadership informed all technicians and bureaucrats that they would have to work with their hands in order to comprehend fully the meaning of physical labour” (Ibid).

But as societies or communities grow larger and more complex, the equitable treatment of citizens seems to dictate an indispensable, standardized approach to all individuals, and as part of its mandate, bureaucratic organization is seen to necessitate a unique instance of the division of labour, which, according to Talcott Parsons, involves:

specialization in terms of clearly differentiated functions, divided according to technical criteria, with a corresponding division of authority hierarchically organized, heading up to the central organ, and specialized technical qualifications on the part of the participants (Parsons, 1949:506).

To be effective, therefore, the professional bureaucrat formally occupies an ‘office’ or a position and is expected to exhibit “a certain impersonal devotion to the tasks of the office” that clearly imposes “obligations on the incumbent” (Ibid). To this indispensability of bureaucratic organization (the necessary evil) Robert Michels would add: “It is nonetheless true that the social wealth cannot be satisfactorily administered in any other manner than by the creation of an extensive bureaucracy” (1962:347). The communist maxim which holds that “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” (Marx, 1972:17),³ is thus anathema to bureaucracy, for it resists the standardized and depersonalized treatment of individuals, so when communist and socialist organizations become bureaucratized and mechanical in their operations it is an indication that they are drifting away from this central precept. Further, one unintended consequence of thick bureaucratization is that as general rules come to replace human spontaneity and subjectivity, the door is opened for certain well placed individuals (experts who are hidden from the public’s gaze), to engage in corrupt activities.

Bureaucracy and democracy

The foregoing suggests that there is a serious human downside to all this efficiency, speed, precision and calculability. For the larger the size of the population that needs ministering, the greater the likelihood than fewer and fewer individual experts would have a say in the daily management of affairs, and the more the public will feel alienated from decision making that affects their daily lives. In other words, it stands to reason that broad public input is just too logistically unwieldy to permit everyone to have a say or, given people’s opposing views and tastes, to have everyone’s desires granted. This implies a contradiction between bureaucracy and democracy, and led Michels to conclude that a pure form of democracy is practically impossible as domination of the few over the many was an inescapable fact of life: “He who speaks of power speaks of domination, and all domination presumes the existence of a dominated mass” (1962:346). Then he continues in this vein with the observation that “every system of leadership is incompatible with the most essential postulates of democracy” (Ibid:364), out of which he formulated his notion of the iron law of oligarchy or what he described as “the law of the historic necessity of oligarchy” (Ibid). In other words, “It is organization which gives birth to the dominion of the elected over the electors, of the mandataries over the mandators, of the delegates over the delegators. Who says organization, says oligarchy” (Ibid:365).

While we must be cautious to note that Michels’ views were developed in the context of his investigations of left-wing political movements in Germany, especially the German Social Democratic Party, and hence are not easily generalizable, at the same time we cannot dismiss him out of hand. Of particular relevance is his observation that oligarchical rule stems from the practical impossibility of full mass or general political participation by a large number of people, and the concomitant need, when dealing with large numbers, for expert decision making, efficiency, precision and reliability. But what is also noteworthy is that the inevitability of bureaucracy, domination and oligarchical rule in modern society transcends political ideologies, since it is expected that they could be present in both capitalist and socialist systems, which is most relevant for our interest in Cuban socialism below.

Similar sentiments are echoed by Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. For his part Parsons speaks of “the rigidity of bureaucratic organizations” especially as they involve “very large scale business, government control and socialism” (Parsons, 1949:150-151; our emphasis). In line with Weber’s above reference to ‘dehumanization,’ Parsons was clear that bureaucracies were also systems of social control premised on unmistakable discipline and the commitment of bureaucrats to observing the letter of the law: “Bureaucratic organization requires a ‘disinterested’ impersonal devotion to a specialized task and .... involves a submission to discipline within the limits of the task (1949:515). Once more, the insulation from public scrutiny and the experts’ possession of technical knowledge and claims to knowing what is best, give them great power and create opportunity for corruption and malfeasance, especially in circumstances of economic scarcity. The case of revolutionary Cuba, blockaded for over 50 years, comes to mind, for as the daily struggle to put food on the table intensifies, the lure of corruption could be irresistible to those with any measure of power. Hence, the not uncommon purges at the highest levels of government over the years.

Trained incapacity and dysfunctions of bureaucracy

One downside to bureaucratic organization can be found in the notion of trained incapacity, a term that comes from Thorstein Veblen (1914), who suggests a wider appeal for thinking, especially creative thinking, is suppressed and soon gives way to behaviour that is based more on habit, custom and tradition than on critical thought: “what men can do easily is what they do habitually, and this decides what they can think and know easily. They feel at home in the range of ideas which is familiar through their everyday life of action. A habitual line of action constitutes a habitual line of thought” (Veblen, 1914:195). In this context bureaucratic organization becomes self-defeating as “trained incapacity” or “trained inability” prevents such workers from seeing the bigger picture (Veblen, 1914:346-347). But as we will soon see in the case of socialist Cuba, we must be clear to point out that capitalist social and economic organization has no monopoly on the pitfalls of bureaucratism and what Robert Merton calls “goal displacement,” a process that occurs when formalistic goals become more important than the main substantive goal of an organization (1968:253).

Goal displacement is evidenced when “the very elements which conduce toward efficiency in general produce inefficiency in specific instances” (Merton, 1968: 254). In other words, those charged with carrying out the rules could well be described as “specialists without spirit, sensualists without heart” (Weber, 1958:181-182). One consequence of this is the loss of spontaneity and creativity: “Whereas efficiency increases as the amount of thought and questioning decreases, there is also a concomitant increase in the rate of incapacitation” (Wais, 2011). In sum, incapacitation results from a bureaucratic structure in which ‘ends’ are everything and ‘means’ are nothing. As workers get caught up in the demands of everyday life, as they become hyper-focused on the ends, they invoke ‘the rules,’ even when it can be pointed out that the rules are getting in the way of the bureaucracy’s main goal: to serve the public in an efficient and impartial manner. Kenneth Burke says it best: “People may be unfitted by being fit in an unfit fitness” (1954:10). And as is well known, in this criticism Cuba is no exception.

Weber’s iron cage

In his critique of the tendency of modern society toward increasing forms of rationality, Weber focused on the purely material pursuits that had come to characterize so much of modern human exchanges and motivations in capitalist society. Invoking Richard Baxter, a leading writer on puritan ethics at the time, and who felt that materialism and the preoccupation with “external goods” was becoming the norm, Weber wrote: “In Baxter’s view the care for external goods should only lie on the shoulders of the ‘saint like a light cloak, which can be thrown aside at any moment.’ But fate decreed that the cloak should become an iron cage” (Weber, 1958:181). The “iron cage” in question referred not only to the blind pursuit of material goods, but more to the increasing rationalization of modern methods of production and distribution and the rationality embodied in bureaucratization that was fast coming to govern all social relationships. In other words, viewing bureaucracy as rational action in institutional form, Weber was persuaded that it was a necessary evil in modern, complex society (whether capitalist or socialist), where the need to administer more and more ‘things’ and to minister to the needs of more and more ‘people,’ made it an indispensable feature of such a society: “The primary source of the superiority of bureaucratic administration lies in the role of technical knowledge which, through the development of modern technology and business methods in the production of goods, has become completely indispensable” (Weber, 1978:223).

Of relevance to the current discussion, however, was Weber’s elaboration of this point and his assertion that though a product of capitalist society, bureaucracy is not limited to capitalist methods of societal organization:

In this respect it makes no difference whether the economic system is organized on a capitalistic or a socialistic basis. Indeed, if in the latter case a comparable level of technical efficiency were to be achieved, it would mean a tremendous increase in the importance of professional bureaucrats (Ibid:224; our emphasis).

Thus, as a socialist society and economy, Weber may well have had Cuba in mind when he made these observations, for as anyone familiar with socialist Cuba would attest, the bureaucracy is very thick, and those Cuban authorities who drafted, debated and implemented the lineamientos with which we are concerned in this essay, could benefit from Weber’s prescient warning:

Capitalism has created a ‘need for stable, strict, intensive, and calculable administration...’ [A] socialistic form of organization will not alter this fact.... For socialism would, in fact, require a still higher degree of formal bureaucratization than capitalism (Weber, 1978:224-225).

C.L.R. James and V.I. Lenin on bureaucracy and state capitalism

For anyone who studied the antecedents of the Russian Revolution and who witnessed the subsequent developments in Soviet socialism during the first half of the 20^th century, Weber’s warning was not misplaced. As the warping of Marxism during the Stalin years clearly attest, socialism is neither immune to bureaucracy, nor to its socially and politically corrosive effects. Nowhere is this better evidenced than in the work of C.L.R. James, a revolutionary in the most pure and complete understanding of that term, and who at times sounded even more like an orthodox Marxist than Marx himself when he claimed categorically that the proletariat under capitalism was not only ‘potentially’ revolutionary, but ‘revolutionary,’ plain-and-simple.⁴ As Noel Ignatiev tells us:

For James, the starting point was that the working class is revolutionary. He did not mean that it is potentially revolutionary, or that it is revolutionary when imbued with correct ideas, or when led by the proper vanguard party. He said the working class is revolutionary and that its daily activities constitute the revolutionary process in modern society (Ignatiev, 2010:2-3).

James was a passionate opponent of bureaucracy and saw in it the principal reasons for the ultimate demise of Soviet socialism. And while he agrees with all of Weber’s objective sociological descriptions of the phenomenon, he adds an expressly political twist and roots his critique of bureaucracy in the very events of the Russian Revolution. His scathing critique and condemnation of Stalinism was premised on his charge that the Stalinist ‘bureaucracy’ made up of intellectuals and ‘labour bureaucrats’ (James, 1977:132) was bent on denying the proletariat an active role in determining the shape and direction of the new society. As Glaberman argued, “[t]he point was to get intellectuals discussing what workers had put forward, rather than workers discussing what intellectuals had put forward” (Glaberman, 1999:xix).

Thus, writing about the situation in Russia in 1950, James lamented that “[n]owhere in the world is labour so degraded as in Russia today” (1977:137), and he goes on to indict the so-called Stalinist revolutionary process in which the masses of workers were deceived by their leaders, and instead of working toward their full liberation in the process of production, sought to distract and appease them by expanding consumption (James, 1980:111-115). All of this was undertaken while leaving decisions over production in the hands of a few “labour bureaucrats” or “labour aristocrats” (James, 1977: 132; 136), who stood at the helm of the Revolution. Leaders of the ilk of Stalin and his contemporaries such as Zinoviev, Kamenev, Kaganovich, Molotov and Baibakov “betray a tendency to become transformed into bureaucrats, i.e., into privileged persons divorced from the masses and superior to the masses. This is the essence of bureaucracy” (James, 1977: 129). It is no great wonder that James’ take on bureaucracy should follow so closely that of Lenin, whom he so admired, but in what follows attention must also be paid to Lenin’s apprehension concerning the clear vulnerability of the socialist leadership to the iron cage of bureaucracy:

Under capitalism democracy is restricted, cramped, curtailed, mutilated by all the conditions of wage slavery, and the poverty and misery of the people. This and this alone is the reason why the functionaries of our political organizations and trade unions are corrupted ... by the conditions of capitalism and betray a tendency to become bureaucrats, i.e., privileged persons divorced from the people and standing above the people. That is the essence of bureaucracy; and until the capitalists have been expropriated and the bourgeoisie overthrown, even the proletarian functionaries will inevitably be ‘bureaucratized’ to a certain extent (Lenin, 1972: 105; emphasis in original).

For activists such as Lenin and James, Stalinist Russia was a bourgeois (state) capitalist society in which the labour of the proletariat was completely alienated, which led James to ask: “What is new or socialist in this? How does the mode of labour of the worker in Stalinist Russia differ from the alienated labour of the worker in capitalist production? ....It is the most complete expression of class society, a society of alienated labour” (James, 1980:62-63). To this Glaberman would add: “What is involved fundamentally in our analysis is that capitalism is in a new stage, a stage that we have called state capitalist. There are a number of state capitalist viewpoints in the world today, but mostly they are descriptions of Russia” (1999: 188).

In analysing the political tasks that lay ahead of the working class in the lead up to the Russian revolution, Lenin took stock of the various strains and tensions in the society and posed the question, “What is to be done?” His main aim was to critique and expose the narrowness and misguidedness of the pure economic struggle that was insisted on by the economists and trade unionists, who figured that ‘economism’ or a ‘trade union consciousness’ was an effective substitute for a broader political education and class consciousness. The supporters of economism, he felt, were deluded into thinking that they constituted the vanguard of the workers’ movement when indeed they were not. Thus, he asked rhetorically, “Are they not confusing the word ‘vanguard’ with the word ‘rearguard’?” (Lenin, 1972: 104), and went on to declare that: “It is not enough to attach a ‘vanguard’ label on a rearguard theory and practice” (Ibid:110). The principal problem had to do with the fact of Lenin’s conviction that since the Social Democratic revolution in question was to envelop the entire society, economism was an incorrect message:

The fundamental error that all the Economists commit, [is] their conviction that it is possible to develop class political consciousness of the workers from within, so to speak, their economic struggle, i.e., making this struggle the exclusive ... or, at least, the main basis (Lenin, 1973: 97; emphasis in original).

He then made his point clear when he insisted that political education must of necessity be broad education; it must bring workers into contact with their fellows, who are not necessarily union brothers and sisters caught up in restricted questions of improving wages, enhancing pensions and benefits, bettering working conditions and so on. He was more inclusive of all citizens, even those who were not necessarily workers but who had the potential to become politically educated or conscious and to appreciate the workers’ demands:

Class political consciousness can be brought to the workers only from without, that is, only from outside of the economic struggle, from outside of the sphere of relations between workers and employers. The sphere from which alone it is possible to obtain this knowledge is the sphere of relationships between all the classes and strata and the state and government ....(Lenin, 1973:98; emphasis in original).

Insisting that “[t]he name of that social guild which holds back and paralyses all guilds of the Soviet economy is the bureaucracy,” James (1980: 59) was relentless in his attack on the Russian leadership of the day: “The philosophy of Stalinism is the philosophy of the elite, the bureaucracy, the organizers, the leaders clothed in Marxist terminology” (James 1969: 98), but in the evolving Cuban context one wonders whether a similar disdain for workers and bureaucratization of functionaries may have set in to the Revolution. Is the language used by the leadership akin to that which James attributed to the Russian leadership? Has the new generation of Cuban workers themselves come to develop a sense of entitlement?

The Stalinists call these workers ‘our loafers, our triflers, our grabbers, flouting labour discipline, looking sullenly askance at their work – which leads to flaws in output, to damaged equipment and tools, to breakdown in production schedules, and to other negative manifestations which retard the increase of production’ (James, 1969: 98; emphasis in original).

The idea here is that as a revolution becomes more entrenched rationalization of production and distribution becomes the norm and given the inevitability of bureaucratization, special interests are developed, leaders are separated from followers, rulers from ruled, and thinkers from doers, all of which opens the doors to corruption. In Russia James saw this trend and drew attention to the alienation of the proletariat whose role in the struggle for socialism was merely “to work harder and harder” to meet production quotas, while questions of “leadership and organization are left to the ‘criticism and self-criticism’ of the elite, the bureaucracy, the party.” In time, everything comes to depend “on the party, on the bureaucracy’s consciousness and self-consciousness ... , its direction, its control, its foresight. The masses are merely at the disposal of the party as they are at the disposal of capital” (James, 1969: 100; emphasis in original). The error, however, is to assume that the workers are not capable of leading themselves and their own revolution; of presuming that an enlightened vanguard is a sine qua non of a successful revolution. But both Lenin and James were decidedly against this elitist vision of the bureaucratic approach to politics “which, in the case of the Russian trade unions, meant administering them from above” (Austin, 2009: 20).

Thus, speaking of the working class and its objective historical mission to make revolution, James understood just how capitalism created its own grave diggers (Marx and Engels, 1977a: 114; 119) when its very methods of production created the conditions for its own destruction. Along with the alienation and exploitation of workers, the elaboration of the division of labour gave the workers the skills, discipline, organization and consciousness that were needed to overthrow the system and begin the march out of the realm of necessity and into the realm of freedom. This is the protracted process of making revolution, sometimes by trial and error, and seeing the ways in which praxis makes both worker and revolution stronger with each passing day: “The makers of the revolution were objectively prepared by capitalism itself to do what previous revolutions had been unable to do, establish a just and harmonious society” (James, 1980: 115). To this Glaberman would add: “James could see, as Lenin and Marx could see, that to think that only with the guidance of a vanguard party could the working class be fit to make a revolution was utopian nonsense” (Glaberman, 1999:xxvi).

In all of this the twin questions of revolution and democracy loom large. For in the contemporary western imagination these two terms smack of contradictory or opposed sentiments or messages. Revolutions are synonymous with socialism and Marxism and hence are resisted or rejected as a means for bringing about change, while democracy is embraced as the preferred system of rule. It is therefore noteworthy that Marx and Engels would say that: “...the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class, to win the battle of democracy” (1977a: 126). They were of course speaking about socialist democracy, which is not to be confused with its bourgeois counterpart, “a democracy for the minority, only for the propertied classes, only for the rich” (Lenin, 1972: 79). Thus, referring to the Paris Commune and the sham of bourgeois democracy, Marx was cynical about the idea of ‘giving’ the vote to the common people who were made to believe that they were deciding “once in three or six years which member of the ruling class was to misrepresent the people in parliament” (Marx and Engels, 1977b: 221). Lenin picked up on this cynicism and fleshed it out when he wrote that “Marx grasped the essence of capitalist democracy splendidly when, in analysing the experience of the Commune, he said that the oppressed are allowed once every few years to decide which particular representatives of the oppressing class shall represent and repress them in parliament” (Lenin, 1972: 80).

Cuba: how best to build socialism and communism

It is in this context that we seek to assess the way forward for the Cuban Revolution as the revolutionaries attempt to come to grips with the practical challenges of constructing democratic socialism in the early 21^st century, the age of neo-liberalism. Hoping to avoid the pitfalls of Soviet socialism, for over half a century the leaders of the Cuban Revolution have experimented with various economic and social strategies aimed at constructing ‘the good society’; a society based on socialist economic principles and practices, on the one hand, and communist morality, mutual respect and equal treatment among workers and ordinary citizens, on the other. Recognizing that revolutions are by definition always in flux, always changing and being changed by lived circumstances, those experiments have registered both major successes and notable setbacks (some of them repeated); for constructing socialism on a five-hundred year old capitalist base is bound to bring with it unique challenges, and it is neither fair nor easy to judge its achievements on the basis of a mere 50 years.

Thus, some 41 years ago, in a 1966 speech he delivered to the members of Cuba’s largest trade union, the Confederation of Cuban Workers (CTC), Fidel Castro did not necessarily see the Soviet and Chinese models of socialism as particularly relevant for Cuba. The Cuban Revolution had to respond to its own unique historical circumstances, it could not be imposed from outside and above, and it had to proceed by its own trial and error measures. So Fidel spoke of the tentative and provisional steps that the Revolution was making when he declared:

We face new situations, a series of issues that forces us to think with our own heads. We face the task of building socialism .... And how is socialism built? How is communism built?.... We believe that the road to communism is an entirely new road about which humanity has no experience. It is possible for a country to believe that it is building communism, but in reality is constructing capitalism. It can happen. We want to build both socialism and communism. Since there is no handbook on how to do so, no index, no guide, since no one has yet travelled that road, we have the right to attempt it with our own means, our own procedures and methods (quoted in Valdes, 1979: 17).

What Fidel is saying is that it is all experimental and provisional, but he never wavered on the socialist ideal. In what follows, then, we will attempt to assess the above-mentioned successes and setbacks in relation to the previous discussion of bureaucracy, while linking them to the problems of corruption and unfulfilled revolutionary promises. In other words, we want to assess the likelihood that the Cuban revolution could avoid the pitfalls of bureaucracy and its associated ill, corruption. Bearing in mind the great antipathy that both Lenin and James felt toward Stalinist and Soviet bureaucratization, our earlier characterization of bureaucracy as a necessary evil comes to mind. In perfect step with the bureaucrat as a specialist without spirit and as possessing ‘trained incapacity,’ the section of the ESPG that speaks to Investment Policy, especially Article #109, makes clear the embrace of ‘bureaucracy as a necessary evil’ when it states that “The most critical investments will respond to the short, medium and long-term development strategy of the country, eradicating spontaneity, improvisation, superficiality and lack of scope” (our emphasis).

As may be appreciated, the revolutionary struggle against bureaucracy is not new. And in the specific case of trying to create a socialist society, it represents a real threat, for it could remove popular control from the masses and concentrate it in the hands of a bureaucratic and technocratic elite bent on usurping popular power. Bureaucratic power rests on the possession of expert knowledge and those who wield such power are often known to develop their own interests and privileges, and to act selfishly with a view to protecting those interests and privileges. In other words, the bureaucratic tendency must be guarded against for the bureaucrat cannot always be trusted to do what is in the best interest of the non-expert masses. As Max Weber noted, because of the unassailable power of a fully developed bureaucracy, and because that bureaucracy takes on a life of its own “[T]he political ‘master’ always finds himself, vis-B-vis the trained official, in the position of a dilettante facing the expert” (1978:991).

But the challenge facing the Cuban revolutionary leadership concerned the possibility of constructing a socialist society that avoided the pitfalls of capitalist bureaucracy. And in the early years of the Revolution they were convinced that they could do so. Thus, in attempting to guard against the corrupting and corrosive forces of bureaucracy, the leaders of the revolution thought that they could avoid the problem by taking committed and dedicated revolutionaries and making them into bureaucrats (Valdés, 1979:16). The idea was that, unlike the bureaucrat under capitalism, the revolutionaries’ superior communist morality would insulate them from the lure of corruption. But as we see below, the leaders of the revolution would have done well to pay heed to Weber’s somewhat gloomy assessment when he observed that capitalists do not have a monopoly on the sort of bureaucratic control that wrests power away from the ordinary people and distorts the most noble of intentions. For while “[c]apitalism has created a ‘need for stable, strict, intensive, and calculable administration...’ a socialistic form of organization will not alter this fact.... For socialism would, in fact, require a still higher degree of formal bureaucratization than capitalism” (Weber, 1978:224-225). As a necessary evil, then, in the building of a socialist and communist society, bureaucracy is indispensable and has to be confronted, to be harnessed in keeping with the needs of the new society.

Bureaucracy and Corruption

This Weberian caution may well have been on Fidel’s mind when he commented in a speech delivered to the central organization of Cuban Trade Unions on September 3, 1970, that: “If socialism is not controlled by the masses it fails, because socialism must work for the masses and all the problems can be solved only by the masses....without the masses socialism loses the battle; it bureaucratizes itself” (quoted in Valdés, 1979:23). And as the revolutionary government would come to learn in the decades following, bureaucratic centralization could have two sets of unintended consequences: (a) it could give birth to a whole new class of privileged experts infected with the diseases of capitalist greed, individualism, materialism and narcissism, and bent on protecting its interests, and (b) it could lead to worker alienation, disaffection with the Revolution and the embrace of corruption.

Thus, 35 years later, on November 17, 2005, speaking at the University of Havana to an assembly of university students and professors from all over Cuba, Fidel Castro was clear in his denunciation of the widespread corruption that had taken hold in several sectors of the society and economy. He likened that corruption onto an illness and to express his deep disappointment he spoke of the necessity of going to war against it: “As you know, we are presently waging a war against corruption, against the re-routing of resources, against thievery” (Castro Ruz, 2005. http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos/2005/ing/f171105i.html).

Fidel spoke of corruption as a “tragic dilemma,” a theme that was brought on by ordinary “workers, the weaknesses of the foremen, and of others in leading positions.” He also averred that “[i]n this battle against vice there will be no truce for anyone and we shall be thoroughly scrupulous.” Then he continued, “if we are going to war we need weapons of greater caliber; we must carry out criticism and self-criticism in the school room, in the party cells and then outside the party cells, in the municipality and finally in the entire country.... The Revolution has to use these weapons, and we shall use them whenever necessary” (Ibid). And later Raúl Castro (2011a) would add: “We are very aware of Fidel’s warning ... that this country can destroy itself by itself, since today the enemy cannot do it; we can, and it will be our fault....let us put an end to this parasitic plague.” http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2011/12/25/nacional/artic05.html

These were not idle threats for in another stinging discourse entitled “Corruption is equivalent to counterrevolution” Raúl Castro (2011b) has given teeth to the warning issued by his older brother five years earlier. Thus, calling on the government to be “relentless in the face of corruption, which can lead to our self destruction,” Raúl has instructed members of the Central Committee of the PCC to deal firmly with the negligent and irresponsible actions that damage the national economy as a direct consequence of the passivity with which several managers and leaders act, and the lack of coordinated functioning among different Party organizations. And in attacking delinquency and the corrupt officials who benefit from it, the President noted that “the battle against crime and corruption has no room for complacency.... We have to move from words to deeds.” In this context the Article #162 of the ESPG took special aim at the abuse of the ration book system and the growth of a black market in rationed goods. This said, in July of 2011, in the Provincial Court of Havana jail sentences were brought down against 10 former top leaders and public officials of two important Cuban enterprises (the Institute of Civil Aeronautics and the Commercial Firm of Pharmaceutical Products). In addition stiff sentences were handed down in absentia against a number of foreign businessmen who had conspired with their Cuban counterparts (see Pedro Hernández Soto’s Café Mezclado Blog of 07/30/2011 and 11/14/2011).

Conclusion: socialist solutions or neo-liberal reforms?

But the point of all of this is not to itemize evidence or instances of corruption, but rather to acknowledge that it exists, that it may be widespread, and that it could be linked to the increasing bureaucratization of Cuban society and economy. Further, given the provisions of the Economic and Social Policy Guidelines (ESPG), one may well question whether the Cubans will be spared excesses of capitalist bureaucratization, or even whether bureaucratization needs to be accompanied by the adjective ‘capitalist.’ As the government seemingly moves in the direction of implementing market reforms, what some have called neo-liberal reforms, as income taxation becomes the norm, as own-account workers are legalized in both the rural and urban sectors, as discussions about a single monetary system are floated, as material incentives come to supplant moral ones, and as the revolutionary impact of the internet makes deeper and deeper inroads into the society, what might the Cuba of tomorrow look like?

In other words, in spite of the rhetorical claims, is the global reality confronting the Cuban government forcing the latter, however reluctantly, to embrace neo-liberal reforms? Once more we quote from the ESPG, which reflects the ambivalence and states that the new economic policy “corresponds to the principle that only socialism is capable of overcoming the difficulties and preserving the conquests of the Revolution,” and in the new reality “planning will be supreme, not the market.... Work is both a right and a duty; it is the personal responsibility of every citizen and must be remunerated according to its quantity and quality” (Cuban Communist Party, 2010; our emphasis). What this says is that in the final analysis, it is conscious human deliberation (planning) and not some “invisible hand” (the market) that will determine the course of socialism in Cuba. But at the same time it recognizes the reality of market considerations and constraints: “The transition from capitalism to socialism is marked by tension between planning and the market. Democratic planning to meet social needs first becomes increasingly dominant, then ultimately the sole determinant of economic activity” (Cameron, 2012).

Yet, try as they might, twenty years into the Revolution (1979) the Cubans had not been able to find an effective substitute for bureaucracy or bureaucrats, who “make economic plans, appoint management ..., allocate labour, direct production ..., coordinate the means of production, set margins, and distribute the national income” (Valdés, 1979:34). And right into the present, and for the foreseeable future, the challenge is to see whether, as Weber averred, bureaucracy is even more paralyzing of socialist society than it is of capitalism. Our question is, then, will the increasing bureaucratization that accompanies routinization of the Revolution spell the end of socialism as we know it, and herald a return to capitalism in Cuba, or will it simply mark a new and necessary phase in the development of socialism in the global age? Amazingly, these are the very concerns voiced by C.L.R. James over 50 years ago in his critique of Stalinist bureaucracy and the marginalization of the popular masses.

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¹Gaceta Oficial Extraordinaria (Habana), No 40, November 21, 2011, and “Nuevas posibilidades de créditos y servicios bancarios vigentes a partir del próximo 20 de Diciembre,” Granma (Habana), November 24, 2011.

² “Amplian ocupaciones para los cuentapropistas.” Cubadebate, 29 Julio 2011; “Unas 295,000 personas ejercen el trabajo por cuenta propia en cuba.” Cubadebate, April 9, 2011; “Comenzó en Cuba proceso de reordenamiento laboral.” Cubadebate, January 4, 2011, and Gaceta Oficial extraordinaria No. 024, 22 Junio 2011, p. 247-250].

³We will see later how the Cuban government has reformulated this key Marxian maxim to adjust to the difficult economic times and what it tells us about the increasing bureaucratization of the Revolution and its alleged embrace of neo-liberalism (See Valdés, 1997:109).

⁴At least Marx left the door open for political education to combat false consciousness, but James often wrote in a dogmatic, reductionistic and deterministic fashion which suggested that there was something in the working class that made it inherently and automatically revolutionary. He also seemed unaware of the tautological reasoning that attended his blind endorsement of working class revolutionary action: “... some time or other the proletariat is going to decide to intervene.... We do not know what the proletariat is going to do or when it is going to do it” (James, 1999: 60; 63).

*The nature, structure and functioning of empresas and its acciones nominativas remain to be clearly described and studied by the general population.